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Table 1 Measured morphological parameters

From: Modality matters for the expression of inducible defenses: introducing a concept of predator modality

    

Kruskal-Wallis main test

Kruskal-Wallis pairwise comparison

Parameters

Group

Mean

SEM

  

H

P-value

Helmet

       

Relative helmet length (helmet length/body length)

C (n = 17)

0.260

0.004

df = 2

C - N

−37.765

<0.001

 

N (n = 17)

0.384

0.008

H = 47.235

C - T

−19.190

0.001

 

T (n = 21)

0.322

0.004

P = 0.001

N - T

18.574

0.001

Helmet angle [°]

C (n = 17)

110.320

0.897

df = 2

C - N

−11.706

0.099

 

N (n = 17)

115.463

0.955

H = 38.662

C - T

20.106

<0.001

 

T (n = 21)

103.573

0.559

P = 0.001

N - T

31.812

<0.001

Tail-spine

       

Relative tail-spine length (tail-spine length/body length)

C (n = 17)

0.583

0.014

df = 2

C - N

−26.529

<0.001

 

N (n = 17)

0.859

0.019

H = 34.720

C - T

1.756

1

 

T (n = 21)

0.581

0.008

P = 0.001

N - T

28.286

<0.001

Spine angle (°)

C (n = 17)

160.518

1.264

df = 2

C - N

−3.471

1

 

N (n = 17)

162.494

0.811

H = 38.222

C - T

25.61

<0.001

 

T (n = 21)

143.596

0.844

P = 0.001

N - T

29.081

<0.001

Curvature (absolute/effective spine length)

C (n = 17)

1.005

0.001

df = 2

C - N

5.529

0.943

 

N (n = 17)

1.003

0.000

H = 34.493

C - T

−22.964

<0.001

 

T (n = 21)

1.018

0.001

P = 0.001

N - T

−28.493

<0.001

Dorsal ridge

       

Dorsal ridge width (μm)

C (n = 17)

30.391

0.554

df = 2

C - N

0.294

1

 

N (n = 17)

29.857

0.676

H = 37.094

C - T

−26.853

<0.001

 

T (n = 21)

50.289

0.905

P = 0.001

N - T

−27.147

<0.001

Dist. 1. to 10. microspine (μm)

C (n = 17)

192.558

3.070

df = 2

C - N

17.000

0.005

 

N (n = 17)

134.432

3.981

H = 47.016

C - T

35.500

<0.001

 

T (n = 21)

47.235

1.293

P = 0.001

N - T

18.500

0.001

Max. microspine length (μm)

C (n = 17)

39.181

1.690

df = 2

C - N

−33.706

<0.001

 

N (n = 17)

61.260

1.283

H = 39.885

C - T

−20.982

<0.001

 

T (n = 21)

54.249

1.004

P = 0.001

N - T

12.724

0.043

Microspine angle (°)

C (n = 17)

19.533

0.906

df = 2

C - N

−13.941

0.029

 

N (n = 17)

28.490

1.243

H = 43.776

C - T

−33.971

<0.001

 

T (n = 21)

78.571

1.307

P = 0.001

N - T

−20.029

<0.001

  1. C, non-induced daphnids (control); N, Notonecta-induced daphnids; T, Triops-induced daphnids; SEM, standard error of mean; H, test statistics.