Figure 3

Comparative timing of divergences for avian orders and families based on four different 'relaxed clock' methods. Chronograms based on the optimal mtDNA tree reconstruction (T _Optimal) using r8s (top left), Dating5 (bottom left), PATHd8 (top right) and Multidivtime (bottom right); see methods for explanation of differences between analytical approaches. For legibility, error bars are removed and trees are pruned to the family level. Filled circles denote major clades: orange, Paleognathae; purple, Neognathae; blue, Galloanserae; green, Neoaves; red, Passeriformes. Time is given in millions of years before present. The vertical dashed lines indicate the K-Pg boundary. r8s, Dating5 and Multidivtime reconstructions support Cretaceous origin and diversification. PATHd8 alone supports Cretaceous origin but Tertiary diversification.