Table 1 Adjuvants in use or being tested for use in human vaccines
From: Immune mechanisms of protection: can adjuvants rise to the challenge?
Adjuvant | Composition | Current status | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum salts (alum) | Aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate non-crystalline gels | In use in vaccines against DT, DPT, HBV, Hib, Streptococcus pneumoniae, meningococcal and HPV infections | [94] |
MF59 | Oil (squalene)-in-water emulsion | In use in influenza vaccine (Europe); in trials for malarial, hepatitis C and HIV vaccine systems | |
MPL | Non-toxic derivative of LPS | Used in various trials in combination with oil (squalene)-in-water emulsions for malaria and leishmaniasis or in liposomal formulation | |
QS21 | Purified fraction of Quil A | Trialed alone and in combination with MPL (AS02, AS01) for malaria, influenza and cancers | [87] |
ISCOMS | Liposomes containing QS21 | Trials for influenza vaccines | |
AS01 | Liposomal formulation containing MPL and QS21 | Trials for malaria vaccines (a more effective formulation than AS03 and AS04) | [87] |
AS02 | Oil (squalene)-in-water emulsion of MPL and QS21 | Trials for malaria, HBV and TB vaccines | [103] |
AS03 | Oil (squalene)-in-water emulsion | Trials for influenza vaccines | |
AS04 | Aluminum hydroxide and MPL | Trials for HBV and HPV vaccines | |
MPL-SE | MPL in a oil (squalene)-in-water emulsion | Trials for leishmaniasis vaccines | [100] |