Table 1 Shear and adhesive strength of animal adhesive pads in comparison with single cells

Shear forces

 Gecko seta: real contact area

53,300

[124, 125]

 Gecko seta: projected contact area

2,880

 Beetle pad: real contact area

681

[112]

 Beetle pad: projected contact area

259

 Weaver ants

405

[126]

 Stick insects

299

[112]

 Barnacles

10-300

[127]

 Fibroblast cells (whole)

0.048

[128]

 Fibroblast cells (focal contacts)

5.5

[103]

Adhesion

 Gecko seta: real contact area

10,700

[124, 125]

 Gecko seta: projected contact area

576

 Beetle pad: real contact area

86.9

[112]

 Beetle pad: projected contact area

35.5

 Stick insect pad

44.6

[112]

 Barnacles

100-1000

[90]

 Ants

~50

[126]

 Endothelial cells

0.56-1.1

[129]