Fig. 1

Images of various diatom species. a Differential interference contrast images of (clockwise from top left): Striatella unipunctata, Odontella sp., Stephanopyxis turris, Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Thalassiosira sp., Cylindrotheca sp., Asterionellopsis glacialis, Skeletonema costatum, Grammatophora oceanica, and Chaetoceros sp. Images are courtesy of Colleen Durkin and reproduced from [324]. b Differential interference contrast image of Coscinodiscus excavatus, image courtesy of Robert Lavigne. c–d Scanning electron micrographs of Stephanopyxis turris theca (c) and nanoscale features (d), images courtesy of Mark Webber. e-f Cylindrotheca fusiformis before cell division (e) and during cell division (f). Top: phase contrast. Bottom: polymerized silica labeled with HCK-123 dye (green) and endogenous chlorophyll fluorescence (red). Scale bar in b 20 μm