Fig. 4

Strength of mito-nuclear statistical association (linkage). Linkage measured as the proportion of mitochondria after n generations that are identical by descent to those at generation n = 0. Solid curves represent linkage under maternal nuclear control of mitochondrial inheritance, while dashed curves correspond to paternal control. The two modes of control differ in the way that paternal leakage affects the strength of mito-nuclear associations over time. For maternal control, the linkage is \( {\left(1-\frac{\pi }{2}\right)}^n \) and declines with π, as with increasing paternal leakage fewer maternal mitochondria are passed on to each offspring. For paternal control, the linkage strength is \( {\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\right)}^n \) and increases with π, as with higher values of paternal leakage more paternal mitochondria are transmitted to the zygote