Fig. 5

The concentrations of BAs, physiological changes, and microbial composition after HFD, HFD + GW4064, and HFD + rifaximin feeding. a The concentrations of total BAs, primary, and secondary BAs in caecal content in control, HFD, HFD + GW4064, and HFD + rifaximin groups (n = 7 per group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences were assessed by the Mann–Whitney U test. Significance was established at adjusted P < 0.05 (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) with a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05. b Body weight, abdomen adipose tissue weight, liver weight, and concentration of total serum cholesterol in control, HFD, HFD + GW4064, and HFD + rifaximin groups (n = 7 per group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences were assessed by Mann–Whitney U test. Significance was established at adjusted P < 0.05 (*P < 0.05) with FDR = 0.05. c Principle coordinate analysis (PCOA) plot generated using OTU metrics based on the Bray–Curtis similarity for control, HFD, and HFD + GW4064 groups (n = 5 per group). The center point coordinate of the ellipse is the mean value of PC1 and PC2, respectively, in the corresponding group. The length of the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse is 1.5-fold SD of PC1 and PC2, respectively. The ellipse is rotated to the direction of largest variation of the corresponding group. The values of PC1 and PC2 are shown in bar plots. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences were assessed by the Mann–Whitney U test. Significance was established at P < 0.05 (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001). d Mean percentage of the total population at phylum levels in the caecal microbiota in control, HFD, and HFD + GW4064 groups (n = 5 per group). Differences were assessed by the Mann–Whitney U test. Significance was established at P < 0.05 (control vs. HFD: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; HFD vs. HFD + GW4064: #P < 0.05)