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Table 1 Molecular estimates of divergence dates (in Mya)

From: A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates

Nodes

LN CAT-GTR + Γ4

 

UGAM CAT-GTR + Γ4

 

Mean ± SD

95% Cred. int.

Mean ± SD

95% Cred. int.

#63 Deuterostomia

599 ± 11

[621–579]

671 ± 108

[985–576]

#64 Xenambulacraria

588 ± 16

[616–555]

600 ± 89

[849–467]

#65 Ambulacraria

551 ± 16

[578–516]

517 ± 72

[677–403]

#66 Hemichordata

404 ± 34

[458–326]

206 ± 101

[427–63]

#67 Echinodermata

431 ± 21

[469–388]

403 ± 47

[507–323]

#68

406 ± 21

[442–363]

284 ± 83

[433–121]

#69

408 ± 20

[443–368]

360 ± 42

[450–287]

#70

158 ± 22

[210–112]

117 ± 51

[249–42]

#71 Echinoideaa

260 ± 18

[303–229]

266 ± 28

[342–222]

#72

89 ± 15

[121–61]

85 ± 49

[195–20]

#73 Chordataa

578 ± 6

[586–563]

575 ± 7

[586–558]

#74 Olfactoresa

547 ± 6

[557–532]

545 ± 11

[564–523]

#75 Tunicata

447 ± 20

[484–411]

450 ± 26

[495–398]

#76

389 ± 32

[449–333]

388 ± 30

[439–326]

#77

296 ± 44

[379–226]

311 ± 40

[380–228]

#78 Thaliacea

238 ± 44

[324–164]

218 ± 54

[318–118]

#79

274 ± 44

[356–203]

272 ± 43

[351–176]

#80

259 ± 43

[340–190]

246 ± 44

[330–154]

#81 Ciona

122 ± 33

[184–65]

97 ± 44

[196–32]

#82 Aplousobranchia

212 ± 39

[281–150]

196 ± 44

[282–120]

#83 Cystodytes /  Clavelina

117 ± 27

[168–73]

121 ± 32

[189–66]

#84 Stolidobranchia

350 ± 36

[416–292]

326 ± 39

[396–245]

#85 Mogulidae

219 ± 35

[285–156]

203 ± 48

[297–122]

#86 Molgula

176 ± 32

[233–118]

145 ± 40

[239–82]

#87 M. manhattensis  /  M. tectiformis

130 ± 26

[179–82]

94 ± 31

[162–44]

#88 Styelidae + Pyuridae

277 ± 35

[343–218]

228 ± 49

[323–139]

#89

197 ± 28

[252–145]

152 ± 41

[249–84]

#90

167 ± 25

[217–118]

113 ± 34

[187–59]

#91 Polyandrocarpa /  Dendrodoa

152 ± 24

[200–105]

84 ± 30

[156–37]

#92 Vertebrata

490 ± 7

[504–476]

481 ± 13

[510–460]

#93 Cyclostomata

434 ± 8

[449–418]

277 ± 94

[430–101]

#94 Gnathostomataa

443 ± 4

[452–435]

437 ± 9

[459–424]

#95 Chondrichthyes

363 ± 11

[380–338]

192 ± 96

[394–62]

#96

249 ± 22

[277–192]

88 ± 59

[261–23]

#97 Osteichthyesa

418 ± 2

[422–416]

419 ± 2

[422–416]

#98 Clupeocephalaa

159 ± 4

[165–150]

157 ± 5

[165–150]

#99

391 ± 3

[397–386]

393 ± 15

[415–360]

#100

377 ± 3

[383–371]

374 ± 16

[405–346]

#101 Tetrapodaa

349 ± 2

[351–345]

341 ± 6

[350–330]

#102 Amphibia

326 ± 3

[332–320]

246 ± 30

[299–200]

#103

180 ± 26

[232–132]

71 ± 51

[190–14]

#104 Batrachiaa

232 ± 21

[268–190]

123 ± 48

[225–47]

#105

118 ± 29

[174–68]

42 ± 32

[132–9]

#106

182 ± 25

[224–136]

71 ± 37

[160–21]

#107 Amniotaa

312 ± 1

[315–310]

319 ± 5

[329–312]

#108 Mammaliaa

186 ± 5

[192–172]

176 ± 8

[191–163]

#109 Theriaa

146 ± 9

[163–127]

143 ± 14

[170–123]

#110

69 ± 13

[96–47]

47 ± 35

[128–8]

#111

62 ± 11

[86–43]

55 ± 31

[127–15]

#112

52 ± 10

[]

35 ± 24

[100–9]

#113 Diapsidaa

271 ± 6

[282–259]

278 ± 14

[300–256]

#114 Lepidosauria

243 ± 10

[261–224]

166 ± 69

[283–57]

#115

168 ± 14

[189–138]

88 ± 47

[203–28]

#116

139 ± 14

[162–107]

55 ± 35

[152–16]

#117

252 ± 9

[269–233]

154 ± 69

[280–55]

#118 Testudines

180 ± 19

[220–146]

59 ± 41

[173–16]

#119

163 ± 19

[204–128]

38 ± 28

[120–11]

#120

96 ± 18

[136–62]

15 ± 14

[]

#121 Archosauria

218 ± 16

[249–186]

102 ± 51

[238–37]

#122

81 ± 29

[150–38]

23 ± 22

[85–4]

#123 Aves

111 ± 27

[170–67]

45 ± 28

[120–14]

#124 Crocodylia

86 ± 24

[142–46]

23 ± 18

[]

  1. aCalibration constraints
  2. The reported values represent mean divergence dates and associated standard deviations and 95% credibility intervals obtained from a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock under the LN and UGAM models coupled with a CAT-GTR + Γ4 mixture model. Values in bold refer to tunicates