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Table 1 Comparative performance of genetically targeted voltage indicators. Values extracted from the literature. NR not reported, RT room temperature

From: Genetic voltage indicators

 

λex [nm]

λem [nm]

Rise time (depol.) [ms]

Decay time (hyperpol.) [ms]

Intensity ~[W/cm2]

SNR

Res. spike rate [Hz]

ΔF/F for 100 mV

Bleaching

Reference

VSD-based

 ArcLight Q239

480

520

τ1 = 9 (50%)

τ2 = 48 (RT)

τ1 = 17 (79%)

τ2 = 63 (RT)

Xenon arc lamp

3.7 per AP

10

−35%

τ = 244 s

Jin 2012 [34]; Bando 2019 [49]

 ArcLight-MT

480

535

τ = 84.8 (RT)

τ = 91.9 (RT)

Mercury arc lamp

5.6 per AP

10

−20%

τ = 360 s

Kwon 2017 [46]; Bando 2019 [49]

 ASAP1

472

525

τ1 = 2.1 (60%)

τ2 = 71.5 (RT)

τ1 = 2.0 (43.7%)

τ2 = 50.8 (RT)

10− 1

14.6 per AP

200

− 20%

τ = 35 m

St-Pierre 2014 [38]

 ASAP2f

470

525

τ1 = 2.8 (81%)

τ2 = 135 (RT)

τ1 = 2.4 (71%)

τ2 = 155 (RT)

100

5 per AP

100

−20%

τ = 404 s

Yang 2016 [39]; Chamberland 2017 [41]

 ASAP2s

480

525

τ1 = 5.2 (56%)

τ2 = 63 (RT)

τ1 = 24 (49%)

τ2 = 106 (RT)

100

8 per AP

100

−38%

τ1 = 121 s (69%) τ2 = 1017 s

Chamberland 2017 [41]

 ASAP3

484

525

τ1 = 3.7 (81%)

τ2 = 48 (RT)

τ1 = 16 (81%)

τ2 = 102 (RT)

10−1

2.6 per AP (2P)

100

−50%

19.6%/first 10 s 0.99%/m after that (2P)

Chavarha 2018 [40]

 Bongwoori

472

496

τ1 = 8 (91%)

τ2 = 30 (RT)

τ = 7 (RT)

Xenon arc lamp

19 per AP

60

−15%

>  450 s

Piao 2015 [37]; Lee 2017 [91]

 Bongwoori-R3

472

497

τ1 = 7 (90%)

τ2 = 45 (RT)

τ1 = 6 (91%)

τ2 = 46 (RT)

Xenon arc lamp

52 per AP

65

−20%

>  450 s

Lee 2017 [91]

 FlicR1

561

595

τ1 = 3 (90%)

τ2 = 42 (RT)

τ1 = 2.8 (70%)

τ2 = 18 (RT)

101

6 per AP

100

6.40%

τ = 150 s

Abdelfattah 2016 [42]; Kannan 2018 [44]

 FlicR2

561

630

τ1 = 2.9

τ2 = 29.5 (RT)

τ1 = 3.1

τ2 = 28.5 (RT)

100

NR

NR

12.90%

NR

Kannan 2018 [44]

 Marina

488

520

τ = 29.2 (RT)

τ1 = 15.6 (61%)

τ2 = 59.4 (RT)

100

4.5 per AP

NR

29.20%

τ = 206 s

Platisa 2017 [43]

 Mermaid

455

480 (donor)

575 (acceptor)

τ1~ 12

τ2~200 (RT)

τ~  128 (RT)

100

NR

100

~ 30% ΔR/R

NR

Tsutsui 2008 [28]

 VSFP Butterfly1.2

483

542 (donor)

594 (acceptor)

τ1~1.5 (35%)

τ2~15 (RT)

NR

Xenon arc lamp

NR

40

5% ΔR/R

NR

Akemann 2012 [92]

Rhodopsin-based

 Arch

640

687

< 1

< 1

103

NR

NR

40% at 640 nm

NR

Kralj 2012 [29]; Maclaurin 2013 [58]; Hochbaum 2014 [93]

 Arch (D95N)

640

687

τ1 = 0.5 (20%)

τ2 = 41 (RT)

NR

103

NR

NR

50% at 640 nm

NR

Kralj 2012 [29]; Maclaurin 2013 [58]

 Archer1

655

NR

Like Arch

Like Arch

102

NR

40

85% at 655 nm

NR

Flytzanis 2014 [53]

 QuasAr1

640

715

τ1 = 0.05 (94%)

τ2 = 3.2 (RT)

Similar to rising

102

20–30 per AP

NR

32% at 640 nm

τ = 440 s

Hochbaum 2014 [93]

 QuasAr2

640

715

τ1 = 1.2 (68%)

τ2 = 11.8 (RT)

Similar to rising

102

40–70 per AP

NR

90% at 640 nm

τ = 1020 s

Hochbaum 2014 [93]

 QuasAr3

Like QuasAr2

Like QuasAr2

τ1 = 1.2 (77%)

τ2 = 10.0 (34 °C)

τ1 = 0.9 (91%)

τ2 = 9.0 (34 °C)

102

27 per AP

NR

54% at 640 nm

NR

Adam 2018 [55]

 Archon1

637

NR

τ1 = 0.6 (88%)

τ2 = 8.1 (34 °C)

τ1 = 1.1 (88%)

τ2 = 13 (34 °C)

101–102

21 per AP

NR

43% at 637 nm

0.01%/s

Piatkevich 2018 [57]

 Archon2

637

NR

τ1 = 0.6 (70%)

τ2 = 6.7 (34 °C)

τ1 = 0.17 (92%)

τ2 = 7.0 (34 °C)

101–102

16 per AP

200

19% at 637 nm

0.03%/s

Piatkevich 2018 [57]

 QuasAr2-mOrange

549

565

τ1 = 3.9 (60%)

τ2 = 27 (23 °C)

τ1 = 4.3 (45%)

τ2 = 26 (23 °C)

101

9 per AP

NR

−10%

NR

Zou 2014 [61]

 MacQ-mCitrine

515

530

τ1 = 2.8 (74%)

τ2 = 71 (RT)

τ1 = 5.4 (77%)

τ2 = 67 (RT)

101

NR

NR

−20%

1.3%/s

Gong 2014 [60]; Gong 2015 [52]

 Ace2-4aa-mNeon

505

515

τ1 = 0.37 (58%)

τ2 = 5.5 (RT)

τ1 = 0.5 (60%)

τ2 = 5.9 (RT)

101

NR

NR

−12%

0.6%/s

Gong 2015 [52]

 VARNAM

558

605

τ1 = 0.88

τ2 = 5.2 (RT)

τ1 = 0.80

τ2 = 4.7 (RT)

101

36 per AP

100

−14% for 120 mV

τ = 256 s

Kannan 2018 [44]

Chemogenetics based

 hVOS

480

535

<  1

<  1

Mercury arc lamp

NR

667

34%

NR

Chanda et al. 2005 [70]

 Flare1

488

570

τ1 = 0.92 (96%)

τ2 = 23.5

τ1 = 1.41 (91%)

τ2 = 25.6

100

53

20

35.9%

NR

Xu et al. 2018 [74]

 Voltron 525

532

553

τ1 = 0.64 (61%)

τ2 = 4.1

τ1 = 0.78 (55%)

τ2 = 3.9

100

4.4

10

30%

τ = 206 s

Abdelfattah 2016 [42]

 VF-EX

525

540

<  1

<  1

NR

20

3

21%

NR

Liu et al. 2017 [77]

 VoltageSpy

525

540

<  1

<  1

10−1–100

7.7

NR

60%

NR

Grenier et al. 2019 [82]

 HAPI-Nile

540–552

581

τ1 = 1.9 (85%)

τ1 = 1.9 (85%)

101

12.4

10

5.50%

NR

Sundukova et al. 2019 [83]