Fig. 7

Reported microbial changes at the family level associated with PD in different studies. Only those bacterial families are shown, for which significant associations with species or genera have been reported in at least two studies comparing stool samples from patients and controls. Red—increased in PD; blue—decreased in PD. a: Actinomycetales; b: Bacteroides fragilis; c: Bifidobacterium; d: Christensenella; e: Clostridium coccoides/leptum; f: Faecalibacterium and Dorea; g: Clostridium IV/XVIII, Butyricicoccus and Anaerotruncus; h: Anaerotruncus; i: Aquabacterium; j: Holdemania; k: Lactobacillus; l: Oscillospira; m: Ruminococcus romii and Ruminococcus torques; n: Sphingomonas; o: Streptococcus; p: Akkermansia. *Drug-naive, de novo PD patients only, Based on [14]