Fig. 4
From: Population structure and pharmacogenomic risk stratification in the United States
Examples of highly differentiated pharmacogenomic (PGx) variants. a SIRE group percentages of effect (above axis) versus non-effect (below axis) alleles/genotypes are shown for six highly differentiated PGx variants. Allele counts are used for the additive PGx effect mode, and genotype counts are used for the dominant effect mode. b, c The extent of within versus between group variation, ancestry associations, and PGx stratification/risk by SIRE groups are shown for three examples. Ancestry associations relate the ancestry fractions for individuals that bear distinct PGx genotypes: European (orange), African (blue), and Native American (red). Effect (blue) versus non-effect (gray) allele/genotype counts are compared for the group enriched for a specific PGx variant compared to the other two groups. Allele counts are shown for the additive PGx effect mode, and genotype counts are shown for the dominant mode. Group-specific allele/genotype counts were used to compute odds ratios and absolute risk increase values (risk stratification) along with group-specific prediction accuracy values (risk prediction) as shown