Fig. 3
From: Gut bacterial deamination of residual levodopa medication for Parkinson’s disease
DHPPA inhibits the acetylcholine-induced twitch from mouse ileum. a Experimental setup, where 5 min after adding 50 μM acetylcholine, 100 μM DHPPA is added. The panel below indicates how the amplitude of the frequencies of the observed oscillations (from 5 min bins) is extracted by a Fourier transform of the analog input. b A representative 1-min recording trace before and after the addition of acetylcholine and DHPPA or vehicle (VH) is shown. ACh, acetylcholine; VH, vehicle (0.05% ethanol). c Inhibition of DHPPA on acetylcholine-induced twitch binned in intervals of 5 min shows a decrease in contractility over time (n = 6 biological replicates and experiments were repeated 1–4 times per tissue). Significance was tested using repeated measures (RM) 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (*p < 0.0021, ***p < 0.0002, #p < 0.0021). Box represents the median with interquartile range, and whiskers represent the maxima and minima. d Dose response curve of DHPPA on the acetylcholine-induced twitch at the t15–20 minute bin (n = 4 biological replicates) with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20.3 ± 10.6 μM