Fig. 2
From: Horizontally acquired antibacterial genes associated with adaptive radiation of ladybird beetles
Evidence of the antibacterial activity of ladybird cwh genes I: Upregulation of cwh in response to bacterial infection. The expression patterns of cwh genes in response to bacterial infection (E. coli and B. subtilis) were tested in a Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. (CM-C1a, CM-C1b and CM-C2), b Harmonia axyridis (HA-C1a, HA-C1b and HA-C2), c Propylea japonica (PJ-C1a, PJ-C1b and PJ-C2), and d Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (HV-C1 and HV-C2). PBS treatments were used as control. Expression levels of cwh were normalized to those of two reference genes (only one of them is shown; see details of two reference genes in Additional file 1: Table S2 and the comparative results in Additional file 1: Fig. S5). Relative expression of each cwh gene in comparison to the average level of that gene in PBS treatment was analyzed by the 2−ΔΔCt method to calculate the fold changes. Error bars show ± standard errors with biological replicates. Bars with the same letter are not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05)