Fig. 1

Phylogeny of Tortricidae and their associated female sex pheromone components. (left) The maximum likelihood tree was obtained for predicted nucleotide sequences of Tortricidae species (7591 aligned positions). The species represented comprise all tortricids for which pheromones or attractants have been reported plus some outgroups. Typically, one representative species was chosen per genus and contributed molecular evidence for all species in the genus. Outgroup species are represented by red branches whereas tortricid species from the same tribe are represented by branches of the same color. Branch support values were calculated from 1000 replicates using the Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate ratio test (SH_aLRT) and ultrafast bootstrapping (UFboot). Support values for branches are indicated by colored circles, with color assigned based on thresholds of branch selection for SH-aLRT (80%) and UFBoot (95%) supports, respectively. The major subfamilies and represented tribe names are indicated (Phric: Phricanthini; Schoeno: Schoenotenini). (right) Heatmap representing the presence/absence of unsaturated fatty acid structure in bioactive molecules. Attractants correspond to compounds found to be attractive in either field or laboratory experiments; pheromone components correspond to sex attractants produced naturally by the organism and with a demonstrated biological activity on conspecific males. Double-bond positions are annotated in Δ-nomenclature without referring to the geometry. Molecular and trait data retrieved from GenBank and the Pherobase, respectively