Fig. 5.
From: Honeybee communication during collective defence is shaped by predation
Comparison of European and African(ized) honeybees. a Comparison of the aggressive score as a function of the alarm pheromone concentration for Africanized (AHB, black triangles) and European (EHB, blue circles) honeybees. Experimental data modified from [4] (see the “Comparison between Africanized and European bees” section). Stars indicate significant differences in responsiveness according to the original paper (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01). b Comparison of the learned probabilities of stinging between European and African populations, from modelling. Shaded areas indicate the range of predators that European (blue, sth∈(15,25)) and African (grey, sth∈(15,70)) colonies faced during the learning process. Average ± one standard deviation from 50 independently trained populations, at the end of a learning process with 105 trials. For clarity, percepts for which the probability of stinging remains at the initialisation values (ps=0.5) are not shown. Visual percept vESC: ps=0.09±0.01 for EHB and ps=0.05±0.01 for AHB. Parameters: \(N=200, \gamma =0.003, k=1, t_{{att}}=0, \Delta t_{v}=10, r_{f}^{E}=0.6, r_{f}^{A}=0.3\). c Performance of each colony when faced with predators of sizes sth=20,55, from modelling. European colonies go extinct when they encounter a predator that is more resistant than the ones they faced during the learning process, whereas African colonies are able to survive