Fig. 1.

Global population genetic patterns of Hermetia illucens. Discriminant analysis of principal components depicting all 2862 multilocus genotypes assigned to 16 distinct genetic clusters, independent of the original populations sampled (see also Table 2, Table S6, Additional file 1). a Axes 1 and 2 and b axes 2 and 3. Dots show individuals and numbered labels denote cluster means, both arbitrarily coloured as per the key below panel b. c Posterior probabilities of membership to inferred genetic clusters (K=16) for all individuals (stacked bar plots) arranged as vertical bands within their original populations (Table S3, Additional file 2), indicating admixture proportions with cluster colours as defined in panels a and b. Populations are framed by grey boxes whose widths reflect the number of individuals displayed. The bottom part of panel c shows population grouping according to subcontinental origins using colours that differ from those used for genetic clusters. Population groups labelled with roman numbers refer to major geographic regions and provenances: I: entire Africa—captive; II: west—wild; III: central-east—wild; IV: south-east—wild; V: entire Asia—captive; VI: south-east continental—wild; VII: south-east insular—wild; VIII: west—wild & captive; IX: east—captive; X: southern Polynesia—wild & captive; XI: northern Polynesia—captive; XII: north—wild; XIII: central regions—wild & captive; XIV: south—wild; XV: Caribbean—wild; XVI: entire Europe—captive; XVII: west/central—wild; XVIII: south—wild; XIX: south-east—wild; XX: entire North America—captive; XXI: west—wild; XXII: south-east—wild; XXIII: north-west—wild & captive; XXIV: central-east—wild & captive.