Fig. 2
Colonization pattern of Serendipita indica (Si) on Brachypodium distachyon Bd21-3 roots. a–d Colonization at 4 DPI. a Fluorescence microscopy showing WGA-AF488 staining of Si cell walls (λexc494 nm, λem515). b Fluorescence control (λexc631 nm, λem642). c Bright-field microscopy to visualize Si chlamydospores. d Overlay showing Si chlamydospores (red arrows), which have germinated and formed a hyphal network on the root surface (blue arrows). e–h Rhizodermal root colonization by Si at 4 DPI. e Fluorescence microscopy showing WGA-AF488 staining of Si cell walls (λexc494 nm, λem515). f Fluorescence microscopy to visualize propidium iodide staining of root cell walls (λexc535 nm, λem617). g Bright-field microscopy to visualize root cells. h Overlay showing extensive inter- and intracellular fungal growth on Bd21-3 roots. Imaging was done with a LEICA S8 confocal microscope (e-h: maximum projection; z-stack). For a–d, 1-week-old seedlings were inoculated with 5 × 105 chlamydospores per ml and subsequently grown on a plastic mesh over 0.5X MS; for e–h, Si-inoculated seedlings were grown on vermiculite:oil dri mix before harvesting at 4 DPI