Fig. 5.
From: Species co-occurrence and management intensity modulate habitat preferences of forest birds
Multivariate space of cavity nesting species (excluding canopy foragers), for high (HA) and low (LA) abundance landscapes, respectively. Arrows identify the relative landscape variables used to build the PCA axis. Numbers on axis represent the variance explained by the principal components. High management intensity (HMI) and low management intensity (LMI) plots are determined by a hierarchical clustering on forest variables and visualized with 95% confidence ellipses, including the centroids. AI, aggregation index; CA, core area; CI, contiguity index; CFC, conifer forest cover; ED, edge density; ENN, Euclidean nearest neighbor; FC, forest cover; LSI, landscape shape index. From left to right, species are stock dove, great spotted woodpecker, black woodpecker, European nuthatch, short-toed treecreeper, Eurasian treecreeper