Fig. 3
From: Aerodynamics and motor control of ultrasonic vocalizations for social communication in mice and rats
Glottal jet parameters support wall impingement model in rats. A The anatomical lengths of wall (xwall) and alar edge (xalar) jets, and ventral pouch cavity opening (xcav) as measured in sagittal cross-sections of the glottis (left). Area of the cartilaginous glottis (Agl) was measured in a transverse section parallel with the glottal opening (right). B Spectrogram (NFFT = 2048, overlap = 50%, Hamming window) of a fUSV shows multiple modes (red dashed boxes) essential to determine the dominant mode (see the “Methods” section). The slope between dominant frequency and jet speed equals the predicted jet/cavity length x (right). C Observed anatomical versus predicted values for x in wall, alar edge, and cavity model and D jet angle. These data show that wall-tone jet length and angle predictions fall within, while alar edge and cavity model predictions fall below the anatomical length range (C) or do not provide a solution for angle (D). For raw data and statistical test results, see Table 2. E Flow was simulated in a fixed 3D mesh of the laryngeal airway. F 2D and G 3D flow show that a distinct jet is formed and impinges on the thyroid wall. Blue; isosurface of jet speed equals 30 m/s. The three small planes present speed profiles and are contoured also by the speed value