Fig. 3

Mt-genome sampling, inter-molecule recombination and non-coding region of Liposcelis bostrychophila. A Sampling locations of the three L. bostrychophila groups. The three groups of L. bostrychophila dispersed randomly across three continents. B The mitochondrial genome arrangements of three L. bostrychophila groups. Gene clusters are highlighted using different colours, showing that groups 1 and 2 have similar gene cluster arrangement, different from group 3. C Homologous recombination happened between two mt-chromosomes of L. bostrychophila. Four to nine mt-genes constitute five conserved gene clusters in all three groups of L. bostrychophila. Based on the phylogeny among the three groups, group 3 is derived from group 1. The group 3 arrangement may be created via inter-molecule recombination between the two mt-chromosomes of group 1. D The motifs identified in non-coding regions. The mt-chromosomes were named by their location and group, for example, G1C1 means group 1(G1) mt-chromosome 1(C1). Six motifs with the same arrangement were found in both mt-chromosomes of the three groups while only the Motif5 in G1C2 (mt-chromosome 2 of group 1) translocated to the other strand. The strands are indicated by using the signs plus and minus. E A comparative analysis of the identities between motifs in the minichromosomes C1 and C2. All motifs had identical sequences between two mt-chromosomes in each group with the exception of Motif5 (group 1). F A comparative analysis of the identities between motifs in groups 1, 2 and 3. The motif similarities between group 2 and group 3 are higher than their comparison to group 1. The result here is according to the phylogeny-based relationship