Fig. 5

Evaluation of fitness costs in polygenic editing strains. A series of biological parameters were compared in the polygenic knockout strains (C2-3KO, N1-3aKO, and C-NKO) with the susceptible DBM1Ac-S strain. a Pupation percentage. b Pupal weight. c Pupal duration. d Hatching rate. e The expression level of non-receptor genes in the DBM1Ac-S, C2-3KO, N1-3aKO, C-NKO, and NIL-R strains. Data are presented as mean value ± SEM, n = 5 biologically independent samples with ten larvae per replicate for a–d, and n = 3 biologically independent samples for e, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns, not significant. One-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s test was used for comparison