Fig. 4
From: Analysis of echolocation behavior of bats in “echo space” using acoustic simulation
Correlation coefficients: pulse and echo direction and respective turn rate for first and last flight. a Correlation coefficients between the pulse direction and turn rate (solid red line) and between the echo direction and turn rate (solid blue line). The dotted lines represent 95% confidence intervals. b The statistical comparison of individual-specific time lag data shows means (circles) and 95% confidence intervals (whiskers) for echo and pulse directions during the first and last flight. These results are based on a model that fit the data well (based on residual plots) and that explained significantly more variance than its null model (parametric bootstrap test, stat = 16.0, df = 3, p = 0.007). The effect of the spatial-learning-factor in interaction with the type of information (echo or pulse) was found to be not significant (χ2type-II-Wald = 0.12, df = 1, p = 0.7) while the single effects showed a clear effect (flight (first vs. last): χ2type-II-Wald = 7.07, df = 1, p = 0.008; information (echo vs. pulse): χ2type-II-Wald = 13.25, df = 1, p < 0.001)