Fig. 2

FSS increases later-stage markers of T cell activation in Jurkat cells. A Representative images of confocal images of Jurkat cells treated with combinations of FSS and CD3/CD28 antibodies. Area of colocalization between NFAT and DAPI was used to measure NFAT activation (untreated sample n=81, antibody-only sample n=81, antibody-FSS sample n=86, N=3, scale bars = 30 μm). Images were acquired on Zeiss 800 LSM with a 40x/1.1NA water immersion objective. B Representative flow plot and graph of NF-κB phosphorylation at serine 529 of Jurkat cells treated 1 h with antibodies and FSS (N=3). C Representative flow plot and graph of cFOS phosphorylation at serine 32 of Jurkat cells treated with antibodies and FSS as a measure of AP-1 activation after 1 h of treatment (N=3). D Flow plots and graph of TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ expression 24 h after FSS stimulation and antibody treatment (N=3). E Representative flow plot and graph of CD69 expression 24 h after FSS and antibody treatment (N=3). F Representative flow plot and graph of CD25 expression 24 h after FSS and antibody treatment (N=3). Unpaired t tests were used to measure statistical significance between treatment groups. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.005, **** p<0.001. Error bars are SD