Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference

Table 2 Proposed classification scheme of the Cephalopoda

Class Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1797
Order Plectronocerida Flower, 1964
Order Yanhecerida Chen et al., 1979
Order Ellesmerocerida (*) Flower in Flower & Kummel, 1950
Subclass Orthoceratoidea Teichert, 1967
Order Riocerida (*) King & Evans, 2019
Order Dissidocerida (*) Zhuravleva, 1964
Family Bajkaloceratidae Balashov, 1962
Family Intejoceratidae Balashov, 1960
Family Geisonoceratidae Zhuravleva, 1959
Order Lituitida Starobogatov, 1983
Order Orthocerida Kuhn, 1940
Order Pseudorthocerida Flower & Caster, 1935
Order Actinocerida Teichert, 1933
Family Greenlandoceratidae Shimizu & Obata, 1935
Family Ruedemannoceratidae Flower, 1940
Family Gouldoceratidae Stait, 1984
Subclass Endoceratoidea Teichert, 1933
Order Endocerida Teichert, 1933
Order Bisonocerida Evans & King, 2012
Family Padunoceratidae Balashov, 1960
Subclass Multiceratoidea Mutvei, 2013
Family Bassleroceratidae (*) Ulrich, Foerste, Miller & Unklesbay, 1944
Family Cyclostomiceratidae Foerste, 1925
Family Apocrinoceratidae Flower in Flower & Teichert, 1957
Family Clinoceratidae Flower, 1946
Family Uranoceratidae Hyatt in Zittel, 1900
Family Apsidoceratidae Hyatt, 1884
Order Cyrtocerinida Flower, 1964
Order Tarphycerida Flower in Flower & Kummel, 1950
Order Oncocerida (*) Flower in Flower & Kummel, 1950
Order Discosorida Flower in Flower & Kummel, 1950
Order Ascocerida Kuhn, 1949
[Subclass Nautiloidea Agassiz, 1847]
[Subclass Ammonoidea Zittel, 1884]
[Subclass Coleoidea Bather, 1888]

Under this scheme, several orders have no corresponding subclass, and several families are without order. These relationships will have to be solidified in the future and potentially assigned to other groups or new names will need to be established. Note that only families that differ in their systematic assignment from previous publications are listed here. The detailed content of the orders may differ from previously published studies, please consult the text and Additional file 1: Fig. S6-S17 for details. Groups marked with (*) are likely paraphyletic but are here retained for convenience. Subclasses in square brackets were not included in the analyses but are here listed for completeness. Class and subclass level are highlighted in bold

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