Fig. 1

Chromosome lengths may affect overall chromosomal architecture across vertebrates. A Summary of the reference genomes of 12 vertebrates. Left panel: The divergence times (million years ago, MYA) and phylogenetic topology of the 12 species. Right panel: N50 values of the genome assemblies were calculated using fragments longer than 500 bp. Species were empirically classified into three groups based on their phylogeny relationship and intra-chromosomal long-range contact frequency decay profile along chromosomal distance. B Estimated similarities of intra-chromosomal contact maps between biological replicates for each species at 20 kb resolution using the pairwise stratum-adjusted correlation coefficient (SCC). Data are presented as mean ± SD. The dots on the bars represent the replicates. CP(s) curves (at 100 kb resolution) averaged across all autosomes in the genome of each species. D–G Correlations between autosome length and D the fitted slope of long-range contact frequency, E the spatial distance (s = 7-Mb), F the stretchiness, and G condensation across species. H Examples of 3D chromosome conformations in the nucleus of chicken cells