Fig. 1

Acute HU210 administration induced dose-dependent impairment in NRL. A Schematic representation of the apparatus. B The experimental procedure. C Acute HU210 administration induced dose-dependent changes in tELS (total escape latencies). D Performance of open-field test (OFT) of groups after negative reinforcement learning (NRL), and neither the footshock in learning procedure nor HU210 at a dose of 15 μg/kg had a significant effect on motor activities. E Escape latency curves of mice administered with HU210 at a dose of 15 μg/kg (HU210 group) and vehicle. F Acute HU210 at a dose of 15 μg/kg had no significant effect on paw algesthesia. G, H The HU210 group exhibited a significantly increased number of failures and bigger trials to meet the complete success (TMCS) during NRL. Vehicle, mice were administered with vehicle; HU210, mice were administered with HU210 at a dose of 15 μg/kg; -NS, mice did not experience the footshocks of NRL. C, E, G, H There were 10 mice in each group. D, F There were 9 mice in each group. Data shown as mean ± SEM. ANOVA (C, D, E, F) and Mann-Whitney test (G, H): *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001