Fig. 1

Geographic distribution and population structure of tomato accessions. A Geographic distribution of tomato accessions represented by dots on the world map. B, C Principal component analysis (PCA) of the PIM (Solanum pimpinellifolium) and CER (S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) groups (B) and the CER and BIG (S. lycopersicum) groups (C) performed using 136,778 and 51,081 whole-genome SNPs, respectively. D, E Model-based cluster analysis with two optimal clusters for the PIM and CER groups (D) and the CER and BIG groups (E). The x-axis lists the different accessions, and the y-axis quantifies cluster membership. F Summary of nucleotide diversity (𝜋) and gene flow level (Nm) across the PIM, CER, and BIG groups. Values in parentheses represent measures of 𝜋 for each group, and values between pairs indicate Nm. G The D (ABBA-BABA) and f4-ratio statistics were used to assess evidence of gene flow among the three groups