Table 1 Affected non-sexual phenotypes by Y chromosome in mammals

 Aggression

MSY

Human

[16,17,18,19,20], but see [21]

Mainly MSY acting through increased testosterone

Mouse

[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]

MSY acting through increased tesosterone and decreased serotonin

Rat

[29]

 Alcoholism

Y chromosome haplogroups

Human

[30]

 Alzheimer’s disease

LOY

Human

[31, 32]

 Anxiety

Chromosome Y consomic strains (also imprinting the daughter’s genome, thus decreasing anxiety)

Mouse

[33, 34]

 Autism

Extra Y or variation in it (SRY and NLGN4Y in particular)

Human

[13, 35, 36], but see [37]

Sry in interaction with the genetic background on β-endorphin levels

Mouse

[38]

 Chemosensory system

MSY (chromosome Y consomic strains)

Mouse

[39, 40]

 Dopamine system

SRY increases catecholamine synthesis and metabolism

Human

[41]

MSY through tesosterone in hippocampus

Mouse

[42,43,44]

Chromosome Y consomic strains (Sry1)

Rat

[45]

 Hearing impairment

DFNA49 insertion from chromosome 1

Human

[46]

 Intelligence

Reduction due to extra Y, p.I679V NLGN4Y

Human

[17, 19, 21, 47]

 Macrocephaly and brain size

Y chromosome increases size

Human

[14, 48]

 Motor functioning

Larger or extra Y as well as SRY through regulation of monoamine oxidase A

Human

[13, 19, 36, 49]

Possibly through Sry

Rat

[50]

 Norepinephrine concentration

Possibly through Sry

Rat

[50, 51]

 Parkinson’s disease

SRY as a risk factor

Human and rat

[52]

 Response acquisition

Y epistatically interacts with autosome 9

Mouse

[42]

 Schizophrenia

LOY

Human

[53, 54]

 Stress

Y, possibly through Sry, interacts with other chromosomes

Rat

[50, 55]

 Suicide

LOY in blood

Human

[56]

 Atherosclerosis

MSY (mainly lower expression of UTY and Lnc-KDM5D-4)

Human

[57,58,59]

 Cardiomyocyte size

Due to different responses to testosterone

Mouse

[60,61,62]

 Coronary artery disease

MSY (mainly lower expression of UTY)

Human

[57, 59, 63]

 Hypertension

Protective role through increased expression of BMPR2 via SRY

Human

[64]

Y has a protective role

Mouse

[65, 66]

Through Sry affecting several renin-angiotensin and SNS gene promoter activity

Rat

[50, 67,68,69], but not replicated [70]

 Lipid profile

Y haplotypes (possible gene - lnc-KDM5D-4)

Human

[57, 71,72,73]

Chromosome Y consomic strains

Mouse

[74]

Chromosome Y consomic strains

Rat

[75, 76]

 Na and insulin levels

Chromosome Y consomic strains (Sry3)

Rat

[77]

 Autoimmunity

LOY in blood

Human

[78,79,80,81]

Copy number variation of Sly and Rbmy and gain of telomeric end of the X

Mouse

[82,83,84,85,86,87]

 Immune cell abnormalities

Independent of Sry and IFN-αβ

Mouse

[88,89,90]

Loss of CD99 on the PAR

Human

[91]

 Viral infections

Haplogroup I

Human

HIV-1 [92]

Chromosome Y consomic strains (independent of Sry)

Mouse

Coxsackievirus B3 [89, 93], influenza A [94]

 Albuminuria

Chromosome Y consomic strains

Rat

[95]

 Cancer

LOY, aneuploidy, misexpression of MSY genes in somatic cells, microdeletions

Human

[96,97,98,99,100]

Loss of UTY

Mouse

[101]

Sry as an oncogene

Rat

[102]

 Baldness

SRY in the scalp

Human

[103]

 Body size

MSY increases height independently of sex hormones

Human

[104,105,106,107]

Y epistatically interacts with autosome 9 independently of Sry

Mouse

[42, 108, 109]

 Diabetes

LOY

Human

[78]

 Glucose metabolism

Y interacts with chromosome 2

Rat

[76]

 Hirschsprung disease

SRY represses RET

Human

[110]

 Hypertelorism

Extra Y

Human

[48]

 Liver damage

LOY

Human

[96]

 Macular degeneration

LOY in blood

Human

[111]

 Mortality

Extra Y and LOY in blood decreases lifespan, while hypermethylation of Y has a protective mechanism

Human and other mammals

[78, 112,113,114,115]

 Sensitivity to testosterone

MSY

Mouse

[22, 60, 62]

 Tooth growth

Genes on the Yqll promote

Human

[116]