Fig. 4

Population structure of 139 domesticated and wild pears. a Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree estimated from SNPs with maf > 0.01 and max missing rate < 0.1. (1) The labels are colored with orange and blue, representing European and Asian pear accessions, respectively. (2) Each pear group is color coded. b Principal component analysis (PCA) of the 139 pear accessions. c Bayesian model-based clustering of the 139 pear accessions with the number of ancestry kinship (K) ranging from 2 to 6. Each vertical bar represents one pear accession, and the x-axis shows the different pear accessions. Each color represents one putative ancestral background, and the y-axis quantifies the ancestry membership. Aw, Asian wild pears; Ew, European wild pears; Ppy, Pyrus pyrifolia; Pus, Pyrus ussuriensis; Pbr, Pyrus bretschneideri; Psi, Pyrus sinkiangensis; Pco, Pyrus communis