Fig. 2

Phylogenetic relationship population inference. a Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree of the nine species with 58 individuals. b Principal component analysis of 58 individuals with the first and second principal components being visualized. Color codes for different species are as in a. c Ancestry of Garrulax species. K represents assumptive ancestral lineage. Each vertical line represents one species, and each color represents one ancestral lineage. The length of each colored segment in each vertical indicates proportion of individual genome inferred from ancestral populations. Species are separated by black dotted lines. Abbreviations of species are given in Additional file 1: Table S15. d Estimation of the divergence time among eight Garrulax species. Values in square brackets indicate the divergence time ranges. Dark red nodes represent time calibration points. e Demographic inference based on the Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (PSMC) model. The five-colored lines depict the estimated effective population size of the five species dating to roughly 10,000 years ago. The gray background colors indicate glacial periods. f, g showed effective population size in the last 10,000 years for GCO and GSA inferred via PopSizeABC. A 90% confidence interval is indicated by dotted lines. The gray shaded area represents the Song Dynasty period from 960 to 1279 AD