Fig. 4

Schematic representation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and duplication of key enzymes in karat. a Schematic representation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′5′H, flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; ANS, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; FNS, flavone synthase; FLS, flavonol synthase; UFGT, anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase; RT, UDP-rhamnose; and MT, anthocyanin O-methyltransferase. b Distribution of duplicated F3′5′Hs in the T and A genomes. c Heatmap of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes in different tissues. d Characteristic of the 5′ UTR upstream of F3′H