Fig. 5

Frequency histograms for the p-values for smooth terms for the 969 unique three-way combinations of micronutrient intakes as given by GAMs (micronutrient-specific models; see Additional file 1: Text S1) where A oxygen transport (n=3332), B leukopoiesis (n=3334), C liver/kidney function (n=1834), D lipids (n=1991), E micronutrients (n=1750), F global dysregulation (n=1718), G PhenoAge (n=1834) and H biological age (n=1796) score was treated as an outcome. The red horizontal line indicates the expected frequency under the null hypothesis (that the outcome is unaffected by micronutrient intake) and the blue vertical line demarks p=0.2. The percentage of p-values falling into the upper left quadrant is given. I Frequency histogram of the effects of an increase in α-tocopherol intake of 2 SD from the population average as predicted by different models. Predictions come from all models containing significant three-way micronutrient smooth terms involving α-tocopherol and make adjustments as per model 6. Predictions assume population average values for all other intakes (including alcohol), income, education level, age, physical activity level (PASE), number of comorbidities, men and non-smoker