Table 11 Fixed-effects panel regression results. Dependent variable is the log number of citations per paper, and the “specialization” variable is standardized. Standard errors are in parentheses. All control variables described in the main manuscript are included. Based on 1304 unique biomedical researchers assigned to the discipline gastroenterology with between 75 and 99 career publications

Specialization

0.324***

0.380***

0.471***

0.612***

(0.018)

(0.026)

(0.034)

(0.065)

Specialization × career age

− 0.004*

− 0.011

(0.001)

(0.004)

Specialization × papers

− 0.056***

− 0.074**

(0.011)

(0.022)

Career age × papers

0.007

(0.003)

Specialization × career age × papers

0.001

(0.001)

Observations

8,017

8,017

8,017

8,017

R ²

0.260

0.261

0.263

0.264

Adjusted R²

0.112

0.113

0.116

0.117

Control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year fixed-effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Researcher fixed-effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes