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Fig. 4 | BMC Biology

Fig. 4

From: The Venturia inaequalis effector repertoire is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity, but unrelated sequence, to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi

Fig. 4

Predicted tertiary structures of secreted non-enzymatic proteinaceous effector candidates (ECs) from Venturia inaequalis. A Representative EC family members with structural similarity to avirulence (Avr) effector proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi. MAX-like: representative predicted family 1 protein structure (green; g13386) aligned to an uncharacterized MAX effector from Magnaporthe oryzae (6R5J) (purple). ToxA-like: representative predicted family 7 (green; g4781) protein structure aligned to ToxA from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (1ZLE) (purple). LARS-like: representative predicted family 15 (green; g11097) protein structure aligned to AvrLm4-7 from Leptosphaeria maculans (7FPR) (purple). FOLD-like: representative predicted family 49 (green; g3787) protein structure aligned to Avr1/Six4 from Fusarium oxysporum (7T6A) (purple). B Predicted EC family members with a KP6-like fold. KP6-like: representative predicted AvrLm6-like family (green; g20030) protein structure aligned to EC Zt-KP6-1 from Zymoseptoria tritici (6QPK). Expression data of upregulated EC genes during colonization of susceptible apple cultivar ‘Royal Gala’ are DESeq2-normalized counts, averaged from four biological replicates, with error bars representing standard deviation (hpi: hours post-inoculation; dpi: days post-inoculation). Protein structures predicted by AlphaFold2 represent the most highly expressed member of each EC family from V. inaequalis. Disulfide bonds coloured in yellow. N: amino (N) terminus; C: carboxyl (C) terminus. pLDDT: predicted Local Distance Difference Test score (0–100). A pLDDT score of 70–100 is indicative of medium to high confidence. A Dali Z-score above 2 indicates ‘significant similarities’ between proteins. RMSD: root-mean-square deviation. The protein structure of Avr1/Six4 was not present in the Dali database at the time of writing this manuscript and therefore no Dali Z-score is shown

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