Fig. 5

Mutations occurred during L. plantarum experimental evolution in the fly setup. A Pie chart reporting the number of Lp genes that accumulated mutations over the course of each experimental evolution setup (Host- and Diet-exclusive mutations) and in both setups (Shared). B Total summed frequencies of all mutations observed in each sample from the Host and Diet evolution experiment. Each point represents the mean of the 3 experimental replicates analyzed, with bars indicating the standard deviation (SD). C Base substitution spectra observed in the fly host and diet. The total number of mutations detected in each group (N) is shown above each bar. D Dynamics of mutations in fly diet and host treatments. Muller plots representing the evolutionary dynamics of Lp genes that mutated in the Host and Diet-evolved populations across EE cycles 2, 8, 14, and 20 (i.e., after 176, 704, 1232, and 1760 Lp generations)