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Fig. 1 | BMC Biology

Fig. 1

From: The gold-ringed octopus (Amphioctopus fangsiao) genome and cerebral single-nucleus transcriptomes provide insights into the evolution of karyotype and neural novelties

Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the octopod chromosome evolution. a Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree of 28 genomes showing the karyotype evolution of cephalopods and divergence times among molluscan lineages. Error bars (blue bar) at nodes indicate 95% confidence levels. The Cephalopoda is highlighted in light blue, Bivalvia in orange, Gastropoda in red, and Polyplacophora in pink. Karyotype data are derived from previous publications [24, 27]. The information of the calibration points used for divergence time estimation was marked as red star at the nodes (details see the “Methods” section). The corresponding ML tree is listed in Fig. S2. b Circular plot of the chromosome synteny analyses among N. pompilius, O. sinensis, and A. fangsiao. The inner colored blocks represent the synteny blocks between N. pompilius and A. fangsiao (or O. sinensis), which is used for illustration of the number and length of chromosome synteny blocks, without the chromosome location meaning. The outer segments and numbers represent chromosomes in each species. c Schematic illustration of chromosomal synteny blocks between A. fangsiao (af, gray) and O. sinensis (os, red), E. scolopes (es, brown), N. pompilius (np, blue), or M. yessoensis (my, orange). d Schematic illustration of the octopod chromosome evolution history. The top segments are assumed to be the chromosomes of the ancestral cephalopods that phylogenetically closest to the nautilus, while the bottoms are the chromosomes of the last common octopod ancestors. The middle lines illustrate the chromosomal evolution process from ancestral cephalopods to the last common octopod ancestor. The line color corresponds to different chromosomes, and each line represents one synteny block between pairwise chromosomes

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