Fig. 1

Identification of AvrPm8 by GWAS. a Representative phenotypic spectrum of two avirulent (Avr) and two virulent (avr) B.g. tritici isolates on Pm8 wheat lines “Kavkaz/4*Federation” and two independent transgenic lines “Pm8#12” and “Pm8#34”. Susceptible wheat cultivars “Federation” and “Bobwhite” served as controls. b Phenotypic distribution of 79 B.g. tritici isolates used for GWAS. Leaf coverage (i.e., virulence) was scored 8–10 days after infection using five categories ranging from 0 (0% leaf coverage) to 1 (100% leaf coverage). c, d Results of GWAS for avirulence on Pm8. Association between sequence polymorphisms and phenotype are depicted along the 11 chromosomes (c) or exclusively along chromosome 11 (d) of Pm8 avirulent isolate ISR_7. Significance threshold at p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction is indicated as a dashed line. The two significantly associated SNPs on chromosome 11 are highlighted in red (best associated SNP) and yellow. e Sequence comparison of the genomic region harboring the AvrPm8 candidate gene BgISR7-10067 in the genome assemblies of isolates ISR_7 (top track) and CHE_96224 (bottom track). Co-linearity is indicated between the two tracks (gray). Genes are indicated by arrows; gene models are not drawn to scale. Effector genes of effector family E003 (blue), effector family E014 (gray) are highlighted. Non-effector genes are depicted in yellow. The two significantly associated SNPs of the GWAS analysis are indicated by red (best associated SNP) and yellow lines. f Sequence alignment of the effector proteins encoded by AvrPm8 candidate BgISR7-10067 in ISR_7 and its orthologous gene BgISR7-10067_F43Y (Bgt-50847) in CHE_96224. Hallmarks of B.g. tritici effector proteins such as the predicted signal peptide, the Y/FxC motif and a conserved cysteine at the C-terminus are indicated in gray. The best associated SNP of the GWAS analysis corresponding to the amino acid substitution F43Y is highlighted in red. The black arrowhead indicates the position of the intron