Fig. 4

Short-term cold exposure induces transcriptome program alterations. A Volcano diagram of differentially expressed genes in TA from the RT and COLD-treated mice (n = 4). The transverse and vertical dotted lines indicate the cutoff value for differential expression (padj < 0.05 and Abs (Log2 fold change) > 1). Gray, red, and blue plots indicate no significant difference, increased differentially expressed, and decreased differentially expressed genes, respectively. B KEGG pathway analysis showing the enrichment of functional categories (n = 4). C–E Gene set enrichment analysis showing significant enrichment in fatty acid catabolic process, neutral lipid metabolic process, and glucose metabolic process from the RT and cold-treated mice (n = 4). F Heatmap showing the differentially expressed genes related to lipid metabolic processes (n = 4). G qPCR analysis of Fasn, Scd1, Acc1, Atgl, and Hsl in TA muscle during the cold challenge (n = 4). H Glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism from KEGG, with indications of lipid classes and genes significantly regulated in muscle by cold exposure (n = 4). Error bars represent s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, two-tailed Student’s t-test