Fig. 5

Antibodies for specific labeling of structures in the human brain. a Schematic drawing showing the interaction between neurons (A) and glial cells, e.g., microglia (B), astrocytes (C), and oligodendrocytes (D) in the central nervous system. Neuronal compartments are highlighted (E–H). b (left) Subtypes of neurons are displayed using antibodies against CAMKIIA (pyramidal cells, cerebral cortex) and calbindin D28k (Purkinje cells, cerebellum). Scale bars, 30 µm (A1), 100 µm (A2). (right) Antibodies against IBA1 (case p2) and GFAP label morphologically distinct cell groups. Scale bars, 5 µm (B), 10 µm (C1). c Exemplary stainings of neuronal processes (axons enveloped with myelin sheaths, dendrites), synapses (pre- and postsynapse), and organelles (endoplasmic reticulum). Scale bars, from left to right, 15 µm (D1 E1), 30 µm (F), 2 µm (G), 10 µm (H). DAPI counterstaining is depicted in blue. If not otherwise indicated, immunostaining was performed on frontal cortex sections from perfusion-fixed cases (case p2 for D1 E1, case p1 for F–H). Except A2, all images represent MIPs of z-stacks. The upper-case letter at the top of each image refers to the entities outlined in panel (a) and the combination of letter and number allows for identification of the applied antibody listed in Table 2