The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Table 1 Toxicity of imidacloprid to IMI-S and IMI-R strains of Aphis gossypii after treatment with ampicillin or Sphingomonas for seven days

Strains	Treatment	LC₅₀ (95% CL) (mg/L)^a	Resistance ratio (RR)^b
IMI-S		3.14 (2.19–4.15)	1
IMI-R		> 5000	> 1592
IMI-S	Ampicillin	1.85 (0.88–3.29)	0.59
IMI-R	Ampicillin	1656.71 (1005.60–2860.60)	528
IMI-S	Sphingomonas	19.99 (12.41–31.66)	6.37
IMI-R	Sphingomonas	> 5000	> 1592

^aConfidence limits
^bRR (resistance ratio) = LC₅₀ value of the IMI-R/IMI-S (IMI-R/IMI-S strain treated by ampicillin or Sphingomonas for 7 days) strain/LC₅₀ of the IMI-S strain

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