Fig. 2.

A volcano plot of differentially expressed genes showing fold changes and significance in R-S, C-S and R-C comparisons, for Chad and Cameroon populations of An. coluzzii. The plot depicts the top upregulated and the top downregulated genes for each comparison with several genes including chymotrypsins, a malate dehydrogenase, an aquaporin, CYP450s (particularly CYP6Z2), a glutathione S-transferase (GSTe2) and a lipase, commonly upregulated in R vs S and C vs S comparisons. R stands for the female, resistant mosquitoes (survivors of 0.05% deltamethrin, 24 h after exposure), C stands for control (mosquitoes from the same population and of the same age not exposed to deltamethrin), and S stands for susceptible (females from fully insecticide susceptible colony, Ngoussou)