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  1. Conditional gene knockout (cKO) mediated by the Cre/LoxP system is indispensable for exploring gene functions in mice. However, a major limitation of this method is that gene KO is not reversible. A number of ...

    Authors: Barbara H Chaiyachati, Ravinder K Kaundal, Jiugang Zhao, Jie Wu, Richard Flavell and Tian Chi
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:96
  2. Pupylation is a post-translational protein modification occurring in actinobacteria through which the small, intrinsically disordered protein Pup (prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein) is conjugated to lysine re...

    Authors: Jonas Barandun, Cyrille L Delley and Eilika Weber-Ban
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:95
  3. Gastrulation is a key transition in embryogenesis; it requires self-organized cellular coordination, which has to be both robust to allow efficient development and plastic to provide adaptability. Despite the ...

    Authors: Christian Pohl, Michael Tiongson, Julia L Moore, Anthony Santella and Zhirong Bao
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:94
  4. We have investigated a simple strategy for enhancing transgene expression specificity by leveraging genetic silencer elements. The approach serves to restrict transgene expression to a tissue of interest - the...

    Authors: Xiayang Xie, Jonathan R Mathias, Marie-Ange Smith, Steven L Walker, Yong Teng, Martin Distel, Reinhard W Köster, Howard I Sirotkin, Meera T Saxena and Jeff S Mumm
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:93
  5. Logic-derived modeling has been used to map biological networks and to study arbitrary functional interactions, and fine-grained kinetic modeling can accurately predict the detailed behavior of well-characteri...

    Authors: Michael L Blinov and Ion I Moraru
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:92
  6. This work describes the first genome-wide analysis of the transcriptional landscape of the pig. A new porcine Affymetrix expression array was designed in order to provide comprehensive coverage of the known pi...

    Authors: Tom C Freeman, Alasdair Ivens, J Kenneth Baillie, Dario Beraldi, Mark W Barnett, David Dorward, Alison Downing, Lynsey Fairbairn, Ronan Kapetanovic, Sobia Raza, Andru Tomoiu, Ramiro Alberio, Chunlei Wu, Andrew I Su, Kim M Summers, Christopher K Tuggle…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:90
  7. Many biological studies are carried out on large populations of cells, often in order to obtain enough material to make measurements. However, we now know that noise is endemic in biological systems and this r...

    Authors: Kyung Hyuk Kim and Herbert M Sauro
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:89
  8. Authors: Jeremy Miller, Torsten Dikow, Donat Agosti, Guido Sautter, Terry Catapano, Lyubomir Penev, ZhiQiang Zhang, Dean Pentcheff, Richard Pyle, Stan Blum, Cynthia Parr, Chris Freeland, Tom Garnett, Linda S Ford, Burgert Muller, Leo Smith…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:87
  9. Responding to noxious stimuli by invoking an appropriate escape response is critical for survival of an organism. The sensations of small and large changes in temperature in most organisms have been studied se...

    Authors: Rajarshi Ghosh, Aylia Mohammadi, Leonid Kruglyak and William S Ryu
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:85
  10. A half century after John Gurdon demonstrated nuclear reprogramming, for which he was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, his group provides insights into the molecular mechanisms whereby c...

    Authors: Peter J Skene and Steven Henikoff
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:83
  11. Seed plants are composed of angiosperms and gymnosperms, which diverged from each other around 300 million years ago. While much light has been shed on the mechanisms and rate of genome evolution in flowering ...

    Authors: Nathalie Pavy, Betty Pelgas, Jérôme Laroche, Philippe Rigault, Nathalie Isabel and Jean Bousquet
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:84
  12. Computational sequence analysis, that is, prediction of local sequence properties, homologs, spatial structure and function from the sequence of a protein, offers an efficient way to obtain needed information ...

    Authors: Qian Cong and Nick V Grishin
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:82
  13. Vetulicolians are a group of Cambrian metazoans whose distinctive bodyplan continues to present a major phylogenetic challenge. Thus, we see vetulicolians assigned to groups as disparate as deuterostomes and e...

    Authors: Qiang Ou, Simon Conway Morris, Jian Han, Zhifei Zhang, Jianni Liu, Ailin Chen, Xingliang Zhang and Degan Shu
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:81
  14. Turning gene expression on and off at will is one of the most powerful tools for the study of gene function in vivo. While several conditional systems were successful in invertebrates, in mice the Cre/loxP recomb...

    Authors: Kai Schönig, Tillmann Weber, Ariana Frömmig, Lena Wendler, Brigitte Pesold, Dominik Djandji, Hermann Bujard and Dusan Bartsch
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:77
  15. Chemosensory receptor genes encode G protein-coupled receptors with which animals sense their chemical environment. The large number of chemosensory receptor genes in the genome and their extreme genetic varia...

    Authors: Andreas Keller
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:75
  16. Metastasis is the primary cause of death for cancer patients. TWIST1, an evolutionarily conserved basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, is a strong promoter of metastatic spread and its expressio...

    Authors: Shan Li, Stephen E Kendall, Raquel Raices, James Finlay, Maricela Covarrubias, Zheng Liu, Gina Lowe, Yu-Huey Lin, Yuan Han Teh, Victoria Leigh, Simi Dhillon, Steven Flanagan, Karen S Aboody and Carlotta A Glackin
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:73
  17. Fascin-1 is an actin crosslinking protein that is important for the assembly of cell protrusions in neurons, skeletal and smooth muscle, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells. Although absent from most normal adult...

    Authors: Asier Jayo, Maddy Parsons and Josephine C Adams
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:72
  18. Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by their compartmentalization into membrane-enclosed organelles that exchange membranes and content in a highly ordered manner. Central in defining membrane identity are the ...

    Authors: Harald Stenmark
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:68
  19. Gut microbes influence animal health and thus, are potential targets for interventions that slow aging. Live E. coli provides the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans with vital micronutrients, such as folates th...

    Authors: Bhupinder Virk, Gonçalo Correia, David P Dixon, Inna Feyst, Jie Jia, Nikolin Oberleitner, Zoe Briggs, Emily Hodge, Robert Edwards, John Ward, David Gems and David Weinkove
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:67
  20. The morphological peculiarities of turtles have, for a long time, impeded their accurate placement in the phylogeny of amniotes. Molecular data used to address this major evolutionary question have so far been...

    Authors: Ylenia Chiari, Vincent Cahais, Nicolas Galtier and Frédéric Delsuc
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:65
  21. The position of turtles among amniotes remains in dispute, with morphological and molecular comparisons giving different results. Morphological analyses align turtles with either lizards and their relatives, o...

    Authors: S Blair Hedges
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:64
  22. B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins are the central regulators of apoptosis. The two bcl-2 genes in Drosophila modulate the response to stress-induced cell death, but not developmental cell death. Because null mut...

    Authors: Jessica P Monserrate, Michelle Y-Y Chen and Carrie Baker Brachmann
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:63
  23. The family of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP) comprises the multifunctional, ubiquitous LAMP-1 and LAMP-2, and the cell type-specific proteins DC-LAMP (LAMP-3), BAD-LAMP (UNC-46, C20orf103) and ma...

    Authors: Sonja Wilke, Joern Krausze and Konrad Büssow
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:62
  24. Phosphorylation is the predominant language of cell signaling. And, as with any common language, an abundance of dialects has evolved to convey complex information. We discuss here how biosensors are being use...

    Authors: John D Scott and Alexandra C Newton
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:61
  25. Although RNA interference (RNAi) is known to play an important part in defense against viruses of invertebrates, its contribution to mammalian anti-viral defense has been a matter of dispute. This is surprisin...

    Authors: Kuan-Teh Jeang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:58
  26. Caenorhabditis elegans is a preeminent model organism, but the natural ecology of this nematode has been elusive. A four-year survey of French orchards published in BMC Biology reveals thriving populations of C. ...

    Authors: Mark Blaxter and Dee R Denver
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:57
  27. Insects respond to the spatial and temporal dynamics of a pheromone plume, which implies not only a strong response to 'odor on', but also to 'odor off'. This requires mechanisms geared toward a fast signal te...

    Authors: Thomas Chertemps, Adrien François, Nicolas Durand, Gloria Rosell, Teun Dekker, Philippe Lucas and Martine Maïbèche-Coisne
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:56
  28. Organisms use highly accurate molecular processes to transcribe their genes and a variety of mRNA quality control and ribosome proofreading mechanisms to maintain intact the fidelity of genetic information flo...

    Authors: João A Paredes, Laura Carreto, João Simões, Ana R Bezerra, Ana C Gomes, Rodrigo Santamaria, Misha Kapushesky, Gabriela R Moura and Manuel AS Santos
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:55
  29. In a recent BMC Evolutionary Biology article, Huiquan Liu and colleagues report two new genomes of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses from fungi and use these as a springboard to perform an extensive phylogenomi...

    Authors: Eugene V Koonin and Valerian V Dolja
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:54
  30. Replicate adaptive radiations occur when lineages repeatedly radiate and fill new but similar niches and converge phenotypically. While this is commonly seen in traditional island systems, it may also be prese...

    Authors: Richard Lapoint and Noah Whiteman
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:53
  31. The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the major arthropod pest of commercial olive production, causing extensive damage to olive crops worldwide. Current control techniques rely on spraying of chemical insect...

    Authors: Thomas Ant, Martha Koukidou, Polychronis Rempoulakis, Hong-Fei Gong, Aris Economopoulos, John Vontas and Luke Alphey
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:51
  32. In the ubiquitin-proteasome system, a subset of ubiquitylated proteins requires the AAA+ ATPase p97 (also known as VCP or Cdc48) for extraction from membranes or protein complexes before delivery to the protea...

    Authors: Hemmo Meyer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:48
  33. Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) during spermatogenesis has been proposed as one of the evolutionary driving forces behind both the under-representation of male-biased genes on, and the gene movement...

    Authors: Maria D Vibranovski, Yong E Zhang, Claus Kemkemer, Hedibert F Lopes, Timothy L Karr and Manyuan Long
    Citation: BMC Biology 2012 10:49
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