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  1. The degree of genetic differentiation among populations experiencing high levels of gene flow is expected to be low for neutral genomic sites, but substantial divergence can occur in sites subject to direction...

    Authors: Baocheng Guo, Jacquelin DeFaveri, Graciela Sotelo, Abhilash Nair and Juha Merilä
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:19
  2. Circadian clocks control rhythmic expression of a large number of genes in coordination with the 24 hour day-night cycle. The mechanisms generating circadian rhythms, their amplitude and circadian phase are de...

    Authors: Cigdem Sancar, Gencer Sancar, Nati Ha, François Cesbron and Michael Brunner
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:17
  3. High-throughput sequencing technologies are lifting major limitations to molecular-based ecological studies of eukaryotic microbial diversity, but analyses of the resulting millions of short sequences remain a...

    Authors: Dominik Forster, Lucie Bittner, Slim Karkar, Micah Dunthorn, Sarah Romac, Stéphane Audic, Philippe Lopez, Thorsten Stoeck and Eric Bapteste
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:16
  4. Sleep is characterized by extended periods of quiescence and reduced responsiveness to sensory stimuli. Animals ranging from insects to mammals adapt to environments with limited food by suppressing sleep and ...

    Authors: Masato Yoshizawa, Beatriz G Robinson, Erik R Duboué, Pavel Masek, James B Jaggard, Kelly E O’Quin, Richard L Borowsky, William R Jeffery and Alex C Keene
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:15
  5. How tissue and organ sizes are specified is one of the great unsolved mysteries in biology. Experiments and mathematical modeling implicate feedback control of cell lineage progression, but a broad understandi...

    Authors: Gentian Buzi, Arthur D Lander and Mustafa Khammash
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:13
  6. Macrophages have many functions in development and homeostasis as well as innate immunity. Recent studies in mammals suggest that cells arising in the yolk sac give rise to self-renewing macrophage populations...

    Authors: Valerie Garceau, Adam Balic, Carla Garcia-Morales, Kristin A Sauter, Mike J McGrew, Jacqueline Smith, Lonneke Vervelde, Adrian Sherman, Troy E Fuller, Theodore Oliphant, John A Shelley, Raksha Tiwari, Thomas L Wilson, Cosmin Chintoan-Uta, Dave W Burt, Mark P Stevens…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:12
  7. Variations in floral display represent one of the core features associated with the transition from allogamy to autogamy in angiosperms. The promotion of autogamy under stress conditions suggests the potential...

    Authors: Sherif Sherif, Islam El-Sharkawy, Jaideep Mathur, Pratibha Ravindran, Prakash Kumar, Gopinadhan Paliyath and Subramanian Jayasankar
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:11
  8. Normal brain function depends on the development of appropriate patterns of neural connections. A critical role in guiding axons to their targets during neural development is played by neuronal growth cones. T...

    Authors: Geoffrey J Goodhill, Richard A Faville, Daniel J Sutherland, Brendan A Bicknell, Andrew W Thompson, Zac Pujic, Biao Sun, Elizabeth M Kita and Ethan K Scott
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:10
  9. In this Opinion article, we summarize how changes in DNA methylation occur during aging in mammals and discuss examples of how such events may contribute to the aging process. We explore mechanisms that could ...

    Authors: Marc Jung and Gerd P Pfeifer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:7
  10. The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, in which loss-of-function mutants and RNA interference (RNAi) models are available, is a model organism useful for analyzing effects of genes on various life phenomena, i...

    Authors: Masayuki Hamakawa, Takayuki Uozumi, Naoko Ueda, Yuichi Iino and Takaaki Hirotsu
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:6
  11. Tissue-specific RNA plasticity broadly impacts the development, tissue identity and adaptability of all organisms, but changes in composition, expression levels and its impact on gene regulation in different s...

    Authors: Stephen M Blazie, Cody Babb, Henry Wilky, Alan Rawls, Jin G Park and Marco Mangone
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:4
  12. The discharge of the Cnidarian stinging organelle, the nematocyst, is one of the fastest processes in biology and involves volume changes of the highly pressurised (150 bar) capsule of up to 50%. Hitherto, the...

    Authors: Anna Beckmann, Senbo Xiao, Jochen P Müller, Davide Mercadante, Timm Nüchter, Niels Kröger, Florian Langhojer, Wolfgang Petrich, Thomas W Holstein, Martin Benoit, Frauke Gräter and Suat Özbek
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:3
  13. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumenal protein thiol redox balance resists dramatic variation in unfolded protein load imposed by diverse physiological challenges including compromise in the key upstream oxidases....

    Authors: Edward Avezov, Tasuku Konno, Alisa Zyryanova, Weiyue Chen, Romain Laine, Ana Crespillo-Casado, Eduardo Pinho Melo, Ryo Ushioda, Kazuhiro Nagata, Clemens F Kaminski, Heather P Harding and David Ron
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:2
  14. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a highly conserved process that post-transcriptionally modifies mRNA, generating proteomic diversity, particularly within the nervous system of metazoans. Transcripts encodi...

    Authors: Leila E Rieder, Yiannis A Savva, Matthew A Reyna, Yao-Jen Chang, Jacquelyn S Dorsky, Ali Rezaei and Robert A Reenan
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:1
  15. The public health threats imposed by toxoplasmosis worldwide and by malaria in sub-Saharan countries are directly associated with the capacity of their related causative agents Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, respe...

    Authors: Marion Bichet, Candie Joly, Ahmed Hadj Henni, Thomas Guilbert, Marie Xémard, Vincent Tafani, Vanessa Lagal, Guillaume Charras and Isabelle Tardieux
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:773
  16. Despite being a fundamental biological problem the control of body size and proportions during development remains poorly understood, although it is accepted that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway h...

    Authors: Marta Madon-Simon, Michael Cowley, Alastair S Garfield, Kim Moorwood, Steven R Bauer and Andrew Ward
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:771
  17. Nucleosome organization determines the chromatin state, which in turn controls gene expression or silencing. Nucleosome remodeling occurs during somatic cell reprogramming, but it is still unclear to what degr...

    Authors: Yu Tao, Weisheng Zheng, Yonghua Jiang, Guitao Ding, Xinfeng Hou, Yitao Tang, Yueying Li, Shuai Gao, Gang Chang, Xiaobai Zhang, Wenqiang Liu, Xiaochen Kou, Hong Wang, Cizhong Jiang and Shaorong Gao
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:109
  18. As individual naïve CD4 T lymphocytes circulate in the body after emerging from the thymus, they are likely to have individually varying microenvironmental interactions even in the absence of stimulation via s...

    Authors: Sanket Rane, Rituparna Das, Vidya Ranganathan, Savit Prabhu, Arundhoti Das, Hamid Mattoo, Jeannine Marie Durdik, Anna George, Satyajit Rath and Vineeta Bal
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:106
  19. Almost all cells display circadian rhythms, approximately 24-hour period changes in their biochemistry, physiology or behavior. These rhythms are orchestrated by an endogenous circadian clock whose mechanism i...

    Authors: Sougata Roy, Mathieu Beauchemin, Steve Dagenais-Bellefeuille, Louis Letourneau, Mario Cappadocia and David Morse
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:107
  20. Archaea share fundamental properties with bacteria and eukaryotes. Yet, they also possess unique attributes, which largely remain poorly characterized. Haloferax volcanii is an aerobic, moderately halophilic arch...

    Authors: Saija Kiljunen, Maria I Pajunen, Kieran Dilks, Stefanie Storf, Mechthild Pohlschroder and Harri Savilahti
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:103
  21. G-quadruplexes (G4s) are stable non-canonical DNA secondary structures consisting of stacked arrays of four guanines, each held together by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. Sequences with the ability to form these st...

    Authors: Nasim Sabouri, John A Capra and Virginia A Zakian
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:101
  22. Rino Rappuoli is a graduate of Siena University, where he also earned his PhD before moving to the Sclavo Research Center, the Italian vaccine institute, also in Siena. He then spent two years in the USA, most...

    Authors: Rino Rappuoli
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:100
  23. The environmental regulation of development can result in the production of distinct phenotypes from the same genotype and provide the means for organisms to cope with environmental heterogeneity. The effect o...

    Authors: Ana Rita A Mateus, Manuel Marques-Pita, Vicencio Oostra, Elvira Lafuente, Paul M Brakefield, Bas J Zwaan and Patrícia Beldade
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:97
  24. Emerging studies of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) raise new prospects for neurodegenerative disease modeling and cell replacement therapies. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the commit...

    Authors: Juan Yang, Yu Tang, Hui Liu, Fang Guo, Jun Ni and Weidong Le
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:95
  25. Plants have inducible defenses to combat attacking organisms. Hence, some herbivores have adapted to suppress these defenses. Suppression of plant defenses has been shown to benefit herbivores by boosting thei...

    Authors: Joris J Glas, Juan M Alba, Sauro Simoni, Carlos A Villarroel, Marije Stoops, Bernardus CJ Schimmel, Robert C Schuurink, Maurice W Sabelis and Merijn R Kant
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:98
  26. The study of microbial communities has been revolutionised in recent years by the widespread adoption of culture independent analytical techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics. One potenti...

    Authors: Susannah J Salter, Michael J Cox, Elena M Turek, Szymon T Calus, William O Cookson, Miriam F Moffatt, Paul Turner, Julian Parkhill, Nicholas J Loman and Alan W Walker
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:87
  27. Parasympathetic signaling has been inferred to regulate epithelial branching as well as organ regeneration and tumor development. However, the relative contribution of local nerve contact versus secreted signa...

    Authors: Danielle V Bower, Hyung-Kook Lee, Rusty Lansford, Kai Zinn, David Warburton, Scott E Fraser and Edwin C Jesudason
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:92
  28. Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing between individuals to selfing are partly responsible for the great diversity of animal and plant reproduction systems. The hypothesis of `reproductive assurance’ sugg...

    Authors: Ioannis Theologidis, Ivo M Chelo, Christine Goy and Henrique Teotónio
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:93
  29. Palmitoylation is a 16-carbon lipid post-translational modification that increases protein hydrophobicity. This form of protein fatty acylation is emerging as a critical regulatory modification for multiple as...

    Authors: Nicholas M Chesarino, Jocelyn C Hach, James L Chen, Balyn W Zaro, Murugesan VS Rajaram, Joanne Turner, Larry S Schlesinger, Matthew R Pratt, Howard C Hang and Jacob S Yount
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:91
  30. Rodent malaria parasites (RMP) are used extensively as models of human malaria. Draft RMP genomes have been published for Plasmodium yoelii, P. berghei ANKA (PbA) and P. chabaudi AS (PcAS). Although availability ...

    Authors: Thomas D Otto, Ulrike Böhme, Andrew P Jackson, Martin Hunt, Blandine Franke-Fayard, Wieteke A M Hoeijmakers, Agnieszka A Religa, Lauren Robertson, Mandy Sanders, Solabomi A Ogun, Deirdre Cunningham, Annette Erhart, Oliver Billker, Shahid M Khan, Hendrik G Stunnenberg, Jean Langhorne…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:86
  31. Lake Tanganyika, an ancient lake in the Great Rift Valley, is famous for the adaptive radiation of cichlids. Five tribes of the Cichlidae family have acquired herbivory, with five ecomorphs: grazers, browsers,...

    Authors: Hiroki Hata, Akifumi S Tanabe, Satoshi Yamamoto, Hirokazu Toju, Masanori Kohda and Michio Hori
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:90
  32. Assembled RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes exert local effects on chromatin processes, including influencing transcription of neighboring RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribed genes. These properties ha...

    Authors: Qing Wang, Chance M Nowak, Asawari Korde, Dong-Ha Oh, Maheshi Dassanayake and David Donze
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:89
  33. Although the origin of the eukaryotic cell has long been recognized as the single most profound change in cellular organization during the evolution of life on earth, this transition remains poorly understood....

    Authors: David A Baum and Buzz Baum
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:76
  34. Metformin has been a first-line treatment for type II diabetes mellitus for decades and is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug. Retrospective studies have found that metformin treatment is associated ...

    Authors: Alba Luengo, Lucas B Sullivan and Matthew G Vander Heiden
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:82
  35. The inheritance of most human diseases and agriculturally important traits is controlled by many genes with small effects. Identifying these genes, while simultaneously controlling false positives, is challeng...

    Authors: Meng Li, Xiaolei Liu, Peter Bradbury, Jianming Yu, Yuan-Ming Zhang, Rory J Todhunter, Edward S Buckler and Zhiwu Zhang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:73
  36. It is generally the case that fast transmission at neural synapses is mediated by small molecule neurotransmitters. The simple nervous system of the cnidarian Hydra, however, contains a large repertoire of neurop...

    Authors: Marc Assmann, Anne Kuhn, Stefan Dürrnagel, Thomas W Holstein and Stefan Gründer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:84
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