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  1. Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are high-energy derivatives of inositol, involved in different signalling and regulatory responses of eukaryotic cells. Distinct PP-InsPs species are characterized by the pre...

    Authors: Anuj Shukla, Mandeep Kaur, Swati Kanwar, Gazaldeep Kaur, Shivani Sharma, Shubhra Ganguli, Vandana Kumari, Koushik Mazumder, Pratima Pandey, Hatem Rouached, Vikas Rishi, Rashna Bhandari and Ajay Kumar Pandey
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:261
  2. Hunter-gatherer lifestyles dominated the southern African landscape up to ~ 2000 years ago, when herding and farming groups started to arrive in the area. First, herding and livestock, likely of East African o...

    Authors: Mário Vicente, Imke Lankheet, Thembi Russell, Nina Hollfelder, Vinet Coetzee, Himla Soodyall, Michael De Jongh and Carina M. Schlebusch
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:259
  3. Yeasts of the CTG-clade lineage, which includes the human-infecting Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis species, are characterized by an altered genetic code. Instead of translating CUG ...

    Authors: Stefanie Mühlhausen, Hans Dieter Schmitt, Uwe Plessmann, Peter Mienkus, Pia Sternisek, Thorsten Perl, Michael Weig, Henning Urlaub, Oliver Bader and Martin Kollmar
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:258
  4. The evolutionary history of cell types provides insights into how morphological and functional complexity arose during animal evolution. Photoreceptor cell types are particularly broadly distributed throughout...

    Authors: Jonathan E. Valencia, Roberto Feuda, Dan O. Mellott, Robert D. Burke and Isabelle S. Peter
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:257
  5. The consequences of the earth’s daily rotation have led to 24-h biological rhythms in most organisms. Even some parasites are known to have daily rhythms, which, when in synchrony with host rhythms, can optimi...

    Authors: Kate A. Rawlinson, Adam J. Reid, Zhigang Lu, Patrick Driguez, Anna Wawer, Avril Coghlan, Geetha Sankaranarayanan, Sarah K. Buddenborg, Carmen Diaz Soria, Catherine McCarthy, Nancy Holroyd, Mandy Sanders, Karl F. Hoffmann, David Wilcockson, Gabriel Rinaldi and Matthew Berriman
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:255
  6. Functional genomic analyses rely on high-quality genome assemblies and annotations. Highly contiguous genome assemblies have become available for a variety of species, but accurate and complete annotation of g...

    Authors: Emily J. Shields, Masato Sorida, Lihong Sheng, Bogdan Sieriebriennikov, Long Ding and Roberto Bonasio
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:254
  7. Snakes and primates have a multi-layered coevolutionary history as predators, prey, and competitors with each other. Previous work has explored the Snake Detection Theory (SDT), which focuses on the role of sn...

    Authors: Richard J. Harris, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris and Bryan G. Fry
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:253
  8. Although electrical stimulation of the peripheral and central nervous systems has attracted much attention owing to its potential therapeutic effects on neuropsychiatric diseases, its non-cell-type-specific ac...

    Authors: Yi Cao, Suwan Pan, Mengying Yan, Chongyang Sun, Jianyu Huang, Cheng Zhong, Liping Wang and Lu Yi
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:252
  9. The phylum Euglenozoa is a group of flagellated protists comprising the diplonemids, euglenids, symbiontids, and kinetoplastids. The diplonemids are highly abundant and speciose, and recent tools have rendered...

    Authors: Ingrid Škodová-Sveráková, Kristína Záhonová, Valéria Juricová, Maksym Danchenko, Martin Moos, Peter Baráth, Galina Prokopchuk, Anzhelika Butenko, Veronika Lukáčová, Lenka Kohútová, Barbora Bučková, Aleš Horák, Drahomíra Faktorová, Anton Horváth, Petr Šimek and Julius Lukeš
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:251
  10. Diatoms usually dominate phytoplankton blooms in open oceans, exhibiting extremely high population densities. Although the iron uptake rate of diatoms largely determines the magnitude and longevity of diatom b...

    Authors: Xuehua Liu, Xiujun Xie, Shan Gao, Lepu Wang, Lu Zhou, Yao Liu, Qiang Hu, Wenhui Gu and Guangce Wang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:249
  11. Lipid species are accurately distributed in the eukaryotic cell so that organelle and plasma membranes have an adequate lipid composition to support numerous cellular functions. In the plasma membrane, a preci...

    Authors: Souade Ikhlef, Nicolas-Frédéric Lipp, Vanessa Delfosse, Nicolas Fuggetta, William Bourguet, Maud Magdeleine and Guillaume Drin
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:248
  12. The main function of telomerase is at the telomeres but under adverse conditions telomerase can bind to internal regions causing deleterious effects as observed in cancer cells.

    Authors: Satyaprakash Pandey, Mona Hajikazemi, Theresa Zacheja, Stephanie Schalbetter, Matthew J. Neale, Jonathan Baxter, Victor Guryev, Andreas Hofmann, Dieter W. Heermann, Stefan A. Juranek and Katrin Paeschke
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:247

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Biology 2022 20:29

  13. Cell membrane fusion and multinucleation in macrophages are associated with physiologic homeostasis as well as disease. Osteoclasts are multinucleated macrophages that resorb bone through increased metabolic a...

    Authors: Antoni Olona, Subhankar Mukhopadhyay, Charlotte Hateley, Fernando O. Martinez, Siamon Gordon and Jacques Behmoaras
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:246
  14. The Mediator complex is an evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit protein complex that plays major roles in transcriptional activation and is essential for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Rece...

    Authors: Yuanyuan Shi, Jian Chen, Wei-Jie Zeng, Miao Li, Wenxue Zhao, Xing-Ding Zhang and Jie Yao
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:245
  15. Mammals possess unique hearing capacities that differ significantly from those of the rest of the amniotes. In order to gain insights into the evolution of the mammalian inner ear, we aim to identify the set o...

    Authors: Anabella P. Trigila, Francisco Pisciottano and Lucía F. Franchini
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:244
  16. Circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) are found in most, if not all, biological fluids and are becoming well-established non-invasive biomarkers of many human pathologies. However, their features in non-pathological c...

    Authors: Emilie Cardona, Cervin Guyomar, Thomas Desvignes, Jérôme Montfort, Samia Guendouz, John H. Postlethwait, Sandrine Skiba-Cassy and Julien Bobe
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:235
  17. The radiation of ecdysozoans (moulting animals) during the Cambrian gave rise to panarthropods and various groups of worms including scalidophorans, which played an important role in the elaboration of early m...

    Authors: Deng Wang, Jean Vannier, Cédric Aria, Jie Sun and Jian Han
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:243

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Biology 2022 20:30

  18. The rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae is one of the most important agricultural pests, causing extensive damage to cereal in fields and to stored grains. S. oryzae has an intracellular symbiotic relationship (endosym...

    Authors: Nicolas Parisot, Carlos Vargas-Chávez, Clément Goubert, Patrice Baa-Puyoulet, Séverine Balmand, Louis Beranger, Caroline Blanc, Aymeric Bonnamour, Matthieu Boulesteix, Nelly Burlet, Federica Calevro, Patrick Callaerts, Théo Chancy, Hubert Charles, Stefano Colella, André Da Silva Barbosa…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:241
  19. Oral microbiome dysbiosis is linked to overt inflammation of tooth-supporting tissues, leading to periodontitis, an oral condition that can cause tooth and bone loss. Microbiome dysbiosis has been described as...

    Authors: Ana Duran-Pinedo, Jose Solbiati, Flavia Teles, Ricardo Teles, Yanping Zang and Jorge Frias-Lopez
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:240
  20. Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter that plays roles in movement, cognition, attention, and reward responses, and deficient DA signaling is associated with the progression of a number of neurological diseases,...

    Authors: Guiran Xiao, Mengran Zhao, Zhihua Liu, Fan Du and Bing Zhou
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:236
  21. Shipworms are marine xylophagus bivalve molluscs, which can live on a diet solely of wood due to their ability to produce plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. Bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), syn...

    Authors: Giovanna Pesante, Federico Sabbadin, Luisa Elias, Clare Steele-King, J. Reuben Shipway, Adam A. Dowle, Yi Li, Marta Busse-Wicher, Paul Dupree, Katrin Besser, Simon M. Cragg, Neil C. Bruce and Simon J. McQueen-Mason
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:233
  22. Flowering plants (angiosperms) are dominant components of global terrestrial ecosystems, but phylogenetic relationships at the familial level and above remain only partially resolved, greatly impeding our full...

    Authors: Hong-Tao Li, Yang Luo, Lu Gan, Peng-Fei Ma, Lian-Ming Gao, Jun-Bo Yang, Jie Cai, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Peter W. Fritsch, Ting Zhang, Jian-Jun Jin, Chun-Xia Zeng, Hong Wang, Wen-Bin Yu, Rong Zhang, Michelle van der Bank…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:232
  23. The detection of environmental cues and signals via the sensory system directs behavioral choices in diverse organisms. Insect larvae rely on input from the chemosensory system, mainly olfaction, for locating ...

    Authors: Santosh V. Revadi, Vito Antonio Giannuzzi, Valeria Rossi, Gert Martin Hunger, Lucie Conchou, Gabriele Rondoni, Eric Conti, Peter Anderson, William B. Walker, Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly, Fotini Koutroumpa and Paul G. Becher
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:231
  24. Blowflies are ubiquitous insects, often shiny and metallic, and the larvae of many species provide important ecosystem services (e.g., recycling carrion) and are used in forensics and debridement therapy. Yet,...

    Authors: Liping Yan, Thomas Pape, Karen Meusemann, Sujatha Narayanan Kutty, Rudolf Meier, Keith M. Bayless and Dong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:230
  25. Mitochondrial dynamics is the result of a dynamic balance between fusion and fission events, which are driven via a set of mitochondria-shaping proteins. These proteins are generally considered to be binary co...

    Authors: Rong Yu, Tong Liu, Shao-Bo Jin, Maria Ankarcrona, Urban Lendahl, Monica Nistér and Jian Zhao
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:229
  26. Mitochondrial nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK-D, NME4, NM23-H4) is a multifunctional enzyme mainly localized in the intermembrane space, bound to the inner membrane.

    Authors: Marie-Lise Lacombe, Frederic Lamarche, Olivier De Wever, Teresita Padilla-Benavides, Alyssa Carlson, Imran Khan, Anda Huna, Sophie Vacher, Claire Calmel, Céline Desbourdes, Cécile Cottet-Rousselle, Isabelle Hininger-Favier, Stéphane Attia, Béatrice Nawrocki-Raby, Joël Raingeaud, Christelle Machon…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:228
  27. Female reproductive behaviors and physiology change profoundly after mating. The control of pregnancy-associated changes in physiology and behaviors are largely hard-wired into the brain to guarantee reproduct...

    Authors: Mohanakarthik P. Nallasivan, Irmgard U. Haussmann, Alberto Civetta and Matthias Soller
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:226
  28. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that transduces extracellular signals in virtually all eukaryotic cells. The soluble Beggiatoa photoactivatable adenylyl cyclase (bPAC) rapid...

    Authors: Shang Yang, Oana M. Constantin, Divya Sachidanandan, Hannes Hofmann, Tobias C. Kunz, Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic, Thomas G. Oertner, Georg Nagel, Robert J. Kittel, Christine E. Gee and Shiqiang Gao
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:227
  29. The human foetus typically needs to rotate when passing through the tight birth canal because of the complex shape of the pelvis. In most women, the upper part, or inlet, of the birth canal has a round or medi...

    Authors: Ekaterina Stansfield, Barbara Fischer, Nicole D. S. Grunstra, Maria Villa Pouca and Philipp Mitteroecker
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:224
  30. The zinc-finger transcription factor Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) exerts a dual regulatory role during insect development by preventing precocious larval/nymphal metamorphosis and in stimulating aspects of adult ...

    Authors: Zhongxia Wu, Libin Yang, Huihui Li and Shutang Zhou
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:222
  31. Skin-penetrating nematodes of the genus Strongyloides infect over 600 million people, posing a major global health burden. Their life cycle includes both a parasitic and free-living generation. During the parasit...

    Authors: Ivan N. Chavez, Taylor M. Brown, Adrien Assié, Astra S. Bryant, Buck S. Samuel and Elissa A. Hallem
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:221
  32. Hansen’s disease (leprosy), widespread in medieval Europe, is today mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with around 200,000 new cases reported annually. Despite its long history and appearance...

    Authors: Saskia Pfrengle, Judith Neukamm, Meriam Guellil, Marcel Keller, Martyna Molak, Charlotte Avanzi, Alena Kushniarevich, Núria Montes, Gunnar U. Neumann, Ella Reiter, Rezeda I. Tukhbatova, Nataliya Y. Berezina, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Dmitry S. Korobov, Stian Suppersberger Hamre, Vitor M. J. Matos…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:220
  33. Plasmodium simium, a malaria parasite of non-human primates (NHP), was recently shown to cause zoonotic infections in humans in Brazil. We sequenced the P. simium genome to investigate its evolutionary history an...

    Authors: Tobias Mourier, Denise Anete Madureira de Alvarenga, Abhinav Kaushik, Anielle de Pina-Costa, Olga Douvropoulou, Qingtian Guan, Francisco J. Guzmán-Vega, Sarah Forrester, Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu, Cesare Bianco Júnior, Julio Cesar de Souza Junior, Silvia Bahadian Moreira, Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano, Alcides Pissinatti, Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz, Ricardo Lourenço de Oliveira…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:219
  34. Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC) is a childhood-onset, lethal, neurodegenerative disorder caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the genes NPC1 or NPC2 and characterized by impaired cholesterol homeostasis,...

    Authors: Anika V. Prabhu, Insung Kang, Raffaella De Pace, Christopher A. Wassif, Hideji Fujiwara, Pamela Kell, Xuntian Jiang, Daniel S. Ory, Juan S. Bonifacino, Michael E. Ward and Forbes D. Porter
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:218
  35. DNA barcodes are a useful tool for discovering, understanding, and monitoring biodiversity which are critical tasks at a time of rapid biodiversity loss. However, widespread adoption of barcodes requires cost-...

    Authors: Amrita Srivathsan, Leshon Lee, Kazutaka Katoh, Emily Hartop, Sujatha Narayanan Kutty, Johnathan Wong, Darren Yeo and Rudolf Meier
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:217
  36. Maturation is a process that allows synapses to acquire full functionality, optimizing their activity to diverse neural circuits, and defects in synaptic maturation may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorde...

    Authors: Andonia Petkova-Tuffy, Nina Gödecke, Julio Viotti, Martin Korte and Thomas Dresbach
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:215
  37. How microbes affect host fitness and environmental adaptation has become a fundamental research question in evolutionary biology. To better understand the role of microbial genomic variation for host fitness, ...

    Authors: Yun Wang, Franz Baumdicker, Paul Schweiger, Sven Kuenzel and Fabian Staubach
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:187
  38. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) is a common technique for identifying DNA-protein interactions, and robotic platforms have been developed for high-throughput analyses to unravel the gene regulatory networks in many org...

    Authors: Ni-Chiao Tsai, Tzu-Shu Hsu, Shang-Che Kuo, Chung-Ting Kao, Tzu-Huan Hung, Da-Gin Lin, Chung-Shu Yeh, Chia-Chen Chu, Jeng-Shane Lin, Hsin-Hung Lin, Chia-Ying Ko, Tien-Hsien Chang, Jung-Chen Su and Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:214
  39. Activation of gene expression in striped domains is a key building block of biological patterning, from the recursive formation of veins in plant leaves to that of ribs and vertebrae in our bodies. In animals,...

    Authors: Anmol Krishna, Jason Gardiner, Tyler J. Donner and Enrico Scarpella
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:213
  40. Glossina species (tsetse flies), the sole vectors of African trypanosomes, maintained along their long evolutionary history a unique reproductive strategy, adenotrophic viviparity. Viviparity reduces their reprod...

    Authors: Grazia Savini, Francesca Scolari, Lino Ometto, Omar Rota-Stabelli, Davide Carraretto, Ludvik M. Gomulski, Giuliano Gasperi, Adly M. M. Abd-Alla, Serap Aksoy, Geoffrey M. Attardo and Anna R. Malacrida
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:211
  41. Species co-occurrences can have profound effects on the habitat use of species, and therefore habitat structure alone cannot fully explain observed abundances. To account for this aspect of community organizat...

    Authors: Marco Basile, Thomas Asbeck, João M. Cordeiro Pereira, Grzegorz Mikusiński and Ilse Storch
    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:210
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