Fig. 5

Population genomics of Sitobion avenae and Sitobion miscanthi from the UK and China. a Principal component analysis based on the thinned (max 1 SNP per 25 kb) shared SNP set (n = 1772) reveals previously described population structure in China [35] and the close relationship of the UK S. avenae (purple dots) to a Chinese S. miscanthi lineage (TG_YC; light blue dots). Samples used for genome assembly of S. avenae (JIC1) and S. miscanthi (LF1) are highlighted. Populations are named following Morales-Hojas et al. (2020) according to geographic location: KM = Kunming, LF_MY = Langfang and Mianyang, QD_TA = Qingdao and Tai'an, SZ_PL = Suzhou and Pingliang, TG_YC = Taigu and Yinchuan, WH = Wuhan, UK = United Kingdom. b SplitsTree network of samples shown in a based on phased haplotypes for SNPs on S. aveane chromosome 2. The two haplotypes from the S. avenae (JIC1) and S. miscanthi (Langfang-1) samples used for genome assembly are highlighted. c “Cloudogram” showing a time calibrated phylogeny of Sitobion lineages rooted with M. dirhodum (not shown). A posterior sample of 1801 trees are drawn with the first, second and third most common topologies coloured blue, green and red, respectively. Black lines show the maximum clade credibility tree. Tip labels (showing populations) are coloured according to a. d Demographic history of the JIC1 (derived from the UK population) and LF1 (derived from the LF_MY population) whole genome sequence isolates estimated with MSMC2. The dashed vertical line indicates the approximate time of divergence between the two samples 250,000 years ago (Kya) when the population histories become clearly separated