Fig. 8
From: Prevalent bee venom genes evolved before the aculeate stinger and eusociality
Simplified visualization of the prevalent bee venom proteins and their representation in outgroup taxa. The numbers of genomes are shown in brackets after the family names. Genes are colour-coded and feature a colour range for duplicates. Duplications are summarized by numbers. Phylogeny and divergence times are shown as previously described in Peters et al. [33]. The nodes for monophyletic aculeates and bees are highlighted in green. The red lined circle indicates the secondary loss of the stinger in sweat bees (Meliponini)