Table 3 Mating, fecundity, and paternity success of males offering worthless gifts. (I) Results from the GLMMs examining effects on mating traits: mating duration (min) and number of pedipalp insertions in relation to gift type (nutritive or worthless), mating order (first or second), population (Minas or Queguay), and female size. Initial models considered the interaction between gift type and populations and mating order and population. The model included female ID as random effect. (II) Results from GLM examining effects on fitness traits: latency of oviposition (days), fecundity (total number of eggs), number of spiderlings (hatched eggs), and hatching success (hatched eggs/total number of eggs) in relation to group (worthless-nutritive or worthless-worthless) in interaction with population (Minas or Queguay) and female size. (III) Results from the GLMM with binomial distribution examining the effects on paternity success (1/0) in relation to gift type (nutritive or worthless), mating order (first or second), population (Minas or Queguay), and male and female size (scale). The initial model considered as fixed effects: gift type, mating order, male and female size and sex sizes interaction, all terms in interaction with population, and included female ID as random effect. Significant p values are shown in bold

From: Stressful environments favor deceptive alternative mating tactics to become dominant