Fig. 4

Evolution of detoxification enzymes and insecticide resistance genes in A. suturalis. a Gene number comparison of detoxification enzymes and insecticide resistance genes encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), ABC transporter (ABC), carboxylesterase (CCE), and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) between A. suturalis and other species in Hemiptera. b Phylogenetic tree of CYPs, UGTs, GSTs, ABCs, CCEs, and PEBPs in A. suturalis and other species. The A. suturalis-specific expanded clades are emphasized with yellow shadow. Red asterisks indicate reference sequences from Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) genome database (http://flybase.org/) that are used to classify and annotate these gene families. Different clades are labeled in different colors. c Expression profiles of A. suturalis CYPs, UGTs, GSTs, ABCs, CCEs, and PEBPs genes from individuals at different tissues and developmental stages. The color intensity changes with the relative expression from low (green) to high (red). The color bar above the heatmap indicates different gene families or subfamilies. F, female; M, male; FB, fat body; H, head; M, midgut; O, ovary; SG, salivary gland; 1, 1 day; 11, 11 day