Fig. 5

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the forebrain (FB), midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) of L. dimidiatus between no-interacting and interacting individuals. Asterisk indicates the brain region with significantly different expression between non-interacting and interacting L. dimidiatus. A The number of upregulated genes in interacting and non-interacting L. dimidiatus. B The ratio of downregulated genes in all significantly enriched functions. Here, the downregulated genes indicated genes with reduced expression across all tissues of interacting L. dimidiatus. The grey line indicated the downregulated gene ratio of all DEGs in at least one brain region. C DEGs involved in social behaviour, y axis indicates the transcripts per million (TPM) of genes. D All differentially expressed glutamate receptors (GluRs) and glutamate receptor-interacting proteins (GRIPs) displayed a higher expression (dark blue) in no-interacting individuals. Heatmap were created based on TPM value of genes and scaled by row, including 27 GluRs [22 ionotropic GluRs (iGluRs): 4 AMPAs, 1 GRID, 7 Kainates, 10 NMDAs; 5 metabotropic GluRs (mGluRs): 2 Group1 genes, 3 Group2 genes] and two GRIPs (GRIP1, GRIP2)