Fig. 4

Lactate induces FASN expression and lactylation in 3T3-L1 cells. A 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes over a 10-day period. Then, the cells were treated with 0 mM, 3 mM, or 10 mM lactate for 24 h. B, C FASN mRNA and protein expression levels were detected in 3T3-L1 cells. D Pan Kla levels after 0 mM, 3 mM, and 10 mM lactate treatment were detected in 3T3-L1 cells via western blotting. E FASN was immunoprecipitated from 3T3-L1 cells using a FASN-specific antibody. Lactate treatment increased FASN lactylation. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3–4; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.05. HIIT high-intensity interval training, DCA + HIIT dichloroacetate injection + high-intensity interval training, FASN fatty acid synthase, GAPDH glyceraldehyde–3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Pan Kla pan lysine lactylation